Nur 2063 Module 7 final exam latest update with 100% correct answers already graded A+

Meninges membranes that encase the CNS Dura mater ◦is the outer and toughest layer Arachnoid layer is the middle layer with a spider web-like vascular system Pia mater ◦is the innermost layer that rests directly on the brain and spinal cord Cerebrospinal fluid plasma like liquid that fills the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater layers to provide additional cushion and support to the CNS Neural tissue consists of two types of cells - neuroglia and neurons ◦Neuroglia cells provide support Trigeminal neuralgia ◦excruciating pain that radiates along the side of their face induced by shaving and while eating Neurons ◦Fundamental units of the nervous system ◦Generate and transmit bioelectrical impulses ◦Do not have the ability to divide ◦Losses due to aging or injury cannot be replaced ◦Not all cell death results in loss of functioning Axon ◦extends away from the cell body, carrying impulses to another neuron, muscle cell, or organ cell Dendrites ◦projections that transmit impulses toward the cell body Myelin sheath ◦surrounds some axons and increases the rate of impulse transmission White matter ◦bundles of myelinated nerves Human Brain ◦One of the largest and most complex organs in the human body ◦Contains more than 100 billion nerves that communicate to trillions of synapses ◦Responsible for a variety of physiologically vital functions and cognitive activities The cerebrum ◦the largest of the regions (accounting for 80% of the brain's total mass), controls the higher thought processes The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres, impinging one hemisphere on the other can have significant—even life-threatening—effects. cerebral cortex A thin layer of gray matter, ◦surrounds the cerebrum ◦A thick central core of white matter lies beneath the gray matter. This white matter contains bundles of axons that transmit impulses from the cerebral Frontal lobe ◦facilitates voluntary motor activity and plays a role in personality traits Parietal lobe ◦receives and interprets sensory input except for smell, hearing, and vision stimuli Occipital lobe ◦processes visual information Temporal lobe ◦is essential for hearing and memory ◦Areas within and across the lobes are classified as follows: Motor, sensory, association ◦Motor: stimulates muscle activity ◦Sensory: receives sensory information ◦Association: integrates information and initiates coordinated responses Brainstem ◦Connects the brain to the spinal cord ◦Includes the pons, midbrain, and medulla ◦Crucial for many basic body functions ◦Maintaining heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration ◦Injury to brainstem can easily result in death ◦Collaborates with the hypothalamus to regulate vital activities ◦10 of 12 cranial nerves exit from brainstem Pons ◦contains nerves that regulate sleep and breathing Midbrain ◦is the smallest region of the brain, and acts as a relay station for auditory and visual information Medulla ◦is a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts that coordinates heart rate, peripheral vascular resistance, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing Diencephalon ◦- Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus ◦receives and relays most of the sensory input, affects mood, and initiates body movements Hypothalamus ◦main regulator for the ANS and send signals to the brainstem, regulating, among other things, the heart rate and blood pressure Cerebellum ◦located at the base of the brain ◦Communicates with other regions of the brain to coordinate the synergistic motion of muscle movement and balance as well as cognition Basal ganglia ◦lies deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain ◦plays a pivotal role in coordination, motor movement, and posture Limbic system ◦includes portions of the cerebrum and diencephalon ◦works in conjunction with the hypothalamus to influence instinctive behavior, emotions, motivation, mood, pain, and pleasure Central nervous system (CNS) contains brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains nerves Spinal cord Long, thin, tubular structure composed of nervous tissue ◦Ascending fibers, or afferent tracts, carry sensory information from the periphery back to the brain ◦Descending fibers, or efferent tracts, carry motor impulses from the brain to the fibers of the PNS Spinal reflex arcs. vs Flexor reflex ◦Spinal reflex arcs: process that creates an unconscious response to stimuli Flexor reflex: withdrawal reflex in response to touching an unpleasant stimulus; causes the muscles of a limb to withdraw the limb from the source of the stimulus without any conscious action Autonomic Nervous System ◦Controls smooth muscles and is responsible for the fight-or-flight response ◦Unconscious response that affects such activities as heart rate, blood pressure, and intestinal motility The two subdivisions of Autonomic Nervous System ◦Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response and is augmented by secretions of the adrenal medulla; s