BIO 182 ASU Exam 1

BIO 182 ASU Exam 1 Elaborated 100% 1. Why is the yellow pea a dominant allele?2. Why is the green pea recessive? - 1. The yellow pea contains Pheide a Oxygenase (PAO), an enzyme that breaks down green color chlorophyll. And it allows for the production of functional pheide a oxygenase.2. The green peas are recessive alleles, because they have a nonfunctional pheide a oxygenase that does not break down the green color chlorophyll. Allele - A form of a gene that affects the way the organism looks or behaves Chromosome - A highly condensed molecule of DNA that codes for many proteins Codiminance - situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (spotted cows e.g.) continuous genes - traits that are controlled by complex gene expressions, with many different alleles, often times hundreds of different genes play a factor. The environment can effect these. E.G. height. deletion mutation - a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene. This results in the nucleotide sequence being completely messed up. diploid - when a cell contains two copies of each chromosome Discrete genes - traits controlled by a small number of genes, typically just two alleles. E.G. eye color. dominant - when one copy of an allele determines the phenotype of the individual Gamete - A haploid cell that develops into a sperm or an egg Gene - A linear sequence of DNA that codes for a certain protein Genotype - A set of alleles that affects the way the organism looks or behaves haploid - when a cell contains one copy of each chromosome Heritability - The percentage of phenotypic variation determined by the additive effects of the alleles. E.G. how much will parents' height effect their offspring's height. heritable - when the variation in a phenotype depends on genes Heterozygous - when an individual carries two different alleles for a gene homologous - when two chromosomes contain the same genes homozygous - when an individual carries two identical alleles for a gene I there a redundancy in base pairs of condones and amino acids? - yes, in the third base especially incomplete dominance - Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele insertion mutation - a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are inserted into a gene. This results in all the nucleotides after that being pushed down the line, completely changing the sequence. Key Point #10 - Dominance results from biochemical process involving enzymes associated with the gene. Key Point #11 - When the female has recessive alleles and the male has a dominant allele, only female offspring will have the dominant phenotype. Key Point #12 - Effects of many alleles sum to cause continuous heritable variation. (This is why we have the appearance of "blending", because we do inherit a "blend" of different combinations of the hundreds of alleles from our two parents that contribute to one trait.) Key Point #13 - Mutation rates evolve according to the benefit of variation and the cost of tinkering with proteins. Key Point #14 - The genetic code evolved to minimize the effect of each mutation on the phenotype. Key Point #8 - Genetic Variation depends on particles that segregate but do not blend during reproduction. (Something is passing on that can come back; some kind of trait. Recessive Gene) Key Point #9 - A statistical test estimates the probability of obtaining a certain deviation from predictions based on sampling errors. Key Point 1 - Even the most desperate organisms share some features, suggesting that the single, nine random process generated diversity. Key Point 2 - Biologists accept evolutionary theory because its predictions match observations. Key Point 3 - When something varies over space and time, one must compare sufficient samples to quantify effects accurately. Key Point 4 - Darwin abandoned a theory of Creationism for a theory of evolution that better explained his observations about life. Key Point 5 - Natural Selection occurs whenever heritable phenotypes cause some individuals to reproduce more than others. Key Point 6 - Artificial Selection confirms the potential for populations to evolve through natural selection. Locus - The place on a chromosome where a certain gene occurs Meiosis - A process in which a diploid cell produces four haploid cells Mitosis - A process in which a diploid cell produces two diploid cells Mutation - An error in the sequence of nucleotides when copying DNA Phenotype - A description of an organisms appearance or behavior point mutation - a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence. Most likely to lead to a beneficial new function compared to other mutations. Probability - likelihood that a particular event will occur recessive - when two copies of an allele determines the phenotype of the individual Stochasticity - unpredictable variation Trait - A characteristic of an organism that varies genetically True or False # 13: If a heterozygote (Aa) makes enough enzymes to catalyze as many reactions as a homozygotes (AA) can, these genotypes would have the same phenotypes. - True! In this situation half as much enzymes can still do it, but may take more time. (Enzymes bind to substrate but never are used up) True or False #1: biodiversity on earth will likely decrease in the near future. - True! Fingerprints of human activity, spread of an invasive species, Rapid change and global climate, habitat destruction, Deforestation True or False #10: According to the theory of blending inheritance, a mating between a plant that produces round peas and a plant that produces wrinkled peas would result in offspring that produces slightly wrinkled peas. - True True or False #11: If some plants with round peas were heterozygotes (Aa), then these plants should produce offspring with wrinkled peas when mated to plants with wrinkled peas (aa). - True! (Aa X aa = 2 Aa and 2 aa) True or False #12: If two heterozygotes mate to produce two offspring, the chance that both offspring are homozygous recessive equals 50%. - False! True or False #14: If a heterozygote (Aa) makes some enzymes, but not enough to catalyze as many reactions as a homozygote (AA) can, all genotypes would have the same phenotype (AA=Aa=aa). - false True or False #15: If a male fly carries a recessive allele for white eyes, he could have either white eyes or red eyes. - false, they would be red