, Instructor Manual: Russell A. Powell, P. Lynne Honey and Diane G. Symbulik, Introduction to Learning and Behavior 6e 2023, 9780357658475;
Instructor Solution Manual For
Russell A. Powell, P. Lynne Honey and Diane G. Symbulik, Introduction to Learning and Behavior
6e 2023, 9780357658475;
Chapter 1: Introduction
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ................................................................................................... 2
Cengage Supplements ............................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 2
Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................. 2
What's New in This Chapter ...................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter Outline ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Discussion Questions ................................................................................................................................. 6
Additional Activities and Assignments ....................................................................................................... 6
Study Tips .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Additional Resources ................................................................................................................................. 8
Suggested Readings .............................................................................................................................. 8
Internet Resources ................................................................................................................................ 8
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Generic Rubrics ................................................................................................................................... 10
Standard Writing Rubric...................................................................................................................... 10
Standard Discussion Rubric ................................................................................................................. 11
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Chapter 1: Introduction
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
The first chapter of the text is designed to orient students to the historical and philosophical
development of the science of behavior. By understanding the contributions of key figures and how
scientific methods have changed over time, students may come to appreciate the current context of
behavior analysis.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you in preparing
your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
Transition Guide (provides information about what’s new from edition to edition)
Instructor Manual (contains outlines, suggested activities, and resources for instructor use in
the course)
PowerPoint (provides text-based lectures and presentations)
Test Bank (contains assessment questions and problems)
Chapter Objectives
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1.1 Define learning.
1.2 Create a simple diagram of a classical conditioning procedure.
1.3 Outline earlier philosophical and scientific approaches that influenced the development of
behaviorism.
1.4 Define empiricism as a philosophical approach to knowledge.
1.5. Describe similarities and differences between the structuralist and functionalist approaches to
the study of psychology.
1.6 Outline the process of evolution by natural selection, including three key features.
1.7 Identify the researchers most strongly associated with the five presented forms of behaviorism.
1.8 Describe similarities and differences among the five presented forms of behaviorism.
Key Terms
Applied behavior analysis: the application of interventions developed from basic principles of behavior
to socially significant real-world problems
Behavior: any activity of an organism that can be observed or measured
Behaviorism: the philosophy of science governing both the experimental research and applied analysis
of behavior
British empiricism: a philosophical school of thought which suggests that almost all knowledge is a
function of experience
Cognitive behaviorism: branch of behaviorism that uses intervening variables, usually in the form of
hypothetical cognitive processes, to explain behavior
Cognitive map: the mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings; this was one of the proposed
hypothetical cognitive variables used in cognitive behaviorism to explain behavior
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Chapter 1: Introduction
Determinism: the philosophical assumption that lawful events and relations exist in the environment;
while this is an assumption and is not able to be tested, determinism acts as a necessary assumption to
studying behavior
Empiricism: the philosophical assumption that behavior is mostly learned and as result we can
systematically study our environment to learn about it as well
Evolutionary adaptation: a useful trait, a physical characteristic or a behavior, that has been shaped
through natural selection
Experimental analysis of behavior: the basic science of behavior aimed at discovering and expanding
upon principles of behavior, governed by the philosophy of behaviorism
Functionalism: an approach to psychology which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the
world around us and that the focus of psychology should be to study those adaptive processes
Introspection: the attempt to accurately describe one’s internal thoughts, emotions, and sensory
experiences
Latent learning: concept proposed by ASFAD which suggested that learning can still occur in the absence
of immediately observable results of such
Law of contiguity: law of association in which events or stimuli that occur temporally or spatially close
to one another are more readily associated with one another
Law of contrast: law of association in which events or stimuli that are opposite from each other are
readily associated with each other
Law of frequency: law of association in which the more frequently two items occur together, the more
strongly they are associated with each other
Law of similarity: law of association in which events or stimuli that are similar to each other on some
dimension are more readily associated with each other
Learning: a relatively enduring change in behavior that results from some type of experience or
interaction with the environment
Methodological behaviorism: a branch of behaviorism developed by John Watson which asserted that
psychology should not study internal unobservable events for methodological reasons, but should
instead focus on only behaviors which can be directly observed
Mind-body dualism: otherwise known as Cartesian dualism, or simply dualism, philosophical
assumption made by Descartes that some behaviors are controlled by the external stimulation and
others are “voluntarily chosen” or controlled by forces existing on another plane considered to be the
mind
Nativism: the assumption that a person’s characteristics and behavioral repertoire are largely present at
birth and unaffected by experience
Natural selection: the evolutionary principle suggests that organisms that are better at adapting to the
environment are more likely to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on the behaviors and
characteristics shown to be successful in that environment than those that cannot adapt
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
Instructor Solution Manual For
Russell A. Powell, P. Lynne Honey and Diane G. Symbulik, Introduction to Learning and Behavior
6e 2023, 9780357658475;
Chapter 1: Introduction
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ................................................................................................... 2
Cengage Supplements ............................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 2
Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................. 2
What's New in This Chapter ...................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter Outline ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Discussion Questions ................................................................................................................................. 6
Additional Activities and Assignments ....................................................................................................... 6
Study Tips .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Additional Resources ................................................................................................................................. 8
Suggested Readings .............................................................................................................................. 8
Internet Resources ................................................................................................................................ 8
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Generic Rubrics ................................................................................................................................... 10
Standard Writing Rubric...................................................................................................................... 10
Standard Discussion Rubric ................................................................................................................. 11
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Chapter 1: Introduction
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
The first chapter of the text is designed to orient students to the historical and philosophical
development of the science of behavior. By understanding the contributions of key figures and how
scientific methods have changed over time, students may come to appreciate the current context of
behavior analysis.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you in preparing
your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
Transition Guide (provides information about what’s new from edition to edition)
Instructor Manual (contains outlines, suggested activities, and resources for instructor use in
the course)
PowerPoint (provides text-based lectures and presentations)
Test Bank (contains assessment questions and problems)
Chapter Objectives
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1.1 Define learning.
1.2 Create a simple diagram of a classical conditioning procedure.
1.3 Outline earlier philosophical and scientific approaches that influenced the development of
behaviorism.
1.4 Define empiricism as a philosophical approach to knowledge.
1.5. Describe similarities and differences between the structuralist and functionalist approaches to
the study of psychology.
1.6 Outline the process of evolution by natural selection, including three key features.
1.7 Identify the researchers most strongly associated with the five presented forms of behaviorism.
1.8 Describe similarities and differences among the five presented forms of behaviorism.
Key Terms
Applied behavior analysis: the application of interventions developed from basic principles of behavior
to socially significant real-world problems
Behavior: any activity of an organism that can be observed or measured
Behaviorism: the philosophy of science governing both the experimental research and applied analysis
of behavior
British empiricism: a philosophical school of thought which suggests that almost all knowledge is a
function of experience
Cognitive behaviorism: branch of behaviorism that uses intervening variables, usually in the form of
hypothetical cognitive processes, to explain behavior
Cognitive map: the mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings; this was one of the proposed
hypothetical cognitive variables used in cognitive behaviorism to explain behavior
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Chapter 1: Introduction
Determinism: the philosophical assumption that lawful events and relations exist in the environment;
while this is an assumption and is not able to be tested, determinism acts as a necessary assumption to
studying behavior
Empiricism: the philosophical assumption that behavior is mostly learned and as result we can
systematically study our environment to learn about it as well
Evolutionary adaptation: a useful trait, a physical characteristic or a behavior, that has been shaped
through natural selection
Experimental analysis of behavior: the basic science of behavior aimed at discovering and expanding
upon principles of behavior, governed by the philosophy of behaviorism
Functionalism: an approach to psychology which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the
world around us and that the focus of psychology should be to study those adaptive processes
Introspection: the attempt to accurately describe one’s internal thoughts, emotions, and sensory
experiences
Latent learning: concept proposed by ASFAD which suggested that learning can still occur in the absence
of immediately observable results of such
Law of contiguity: law of association in which events or stimuli that occur temporally or spatially close
to one another are more readily associated with one another
Law of contrast: law of association in which events or stimuli that are opposite from each other are
readily associated with each other
Law of frequency: law of association in which the more frequently two items occur together, the more
strongly they are associated with each other
Law of similarity: law of association in which events or stimuli that are similar to each other on some
dimension are more readily associated with each other
Learning: a relatively enduring change in behavior that results from some type of experience or
interaction with the environment
Methodological behaviorism: a branch of behaviorism developed by John Watson which asserted that
psychology should not study internal unobservable events for methodological reasons, but should
instead focus on only behaviors which can be directly observed
Mind-body dualism: otherwise known as Cartesian dualism, or simply dualism, philosophical
assumption made by Descartes that some behaviors are controlled by the external stimulation and
others are “voluntarily chosen” or controlled by forces existing on another plane considered to be the
mind
Nativism: the assumption that a person’s characteristics and behavioral repertoire are largely present at
birth and unaffected by experience
Natural selection: the evolutionary principle suggests that organisms that are better at adapting to the
environment are more likely to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on the behaviors and
characteristics shown to be successful in that environment than those that cannot adapt
© 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
