UNCG BIO 277 Final Exam Review Questions and Answers(A+ Solution guide)

Signals that affect nearby target cells after diffusing through interstitial fluid but not blood are... - Answer-paracrine signals The regulation of hear rate is an example of ____ control involving ____ signal-receptor combinations. - Answer-antagonistic; at least two Glucose enters the interstitial epithelial cells by _____ and exits those cells by ___. - Answer-secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion Steroid hormones initiate responses in target-cells by activating... - Answer-gene transcription Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released from where? - Answer-hypothalamus Oxytocin is released in direct response to what? - Answer-mechanical stimulation of the nipple Graded potentials are _____ in strength. - Answer-variable Delivery of a drug that increases permeability of neuronal membranes to calcium would cause the neurons to do what? - Answer-depolarize At an ion's equilibrium potential, the net movement of that ion across the membrane is zero since the energy of its concentration gradient is ____ the voltage difference. - Answer-exactly offset by The release of neurotransmitter molecules from an axon terminal is induced most directly by what? - Answer-calcium ions entering the cytosol Neurotransmitters are released by the membrane of axon terminals by the process of ____, and the neurotransmitters act as _____ signals when they bind with receptors on the next neuron in the pathway. - Answer-exocytosis; paracrineIncreased levels of carbon dioxide near working cells causes the local ____ of systemic arterioles, and the ____ pH decreases the affinity of the local hemoglobin for oxygen. - Answer-dilation; decreased Hyper ventilation ____ the amount of CO2 in the blood, thus _____ plasma pH. - Answer-decreases; increasing At high altitude, low concentration of oxygen in the blood promotes the release of ____, which has receptors in the _____. - Answer-erythropoietin; bone marrow The process of inhalation occurs when ____ and the diaphragm is _____. - Answer-PalvPatm; contracted Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable in a healthy individual, and, therefore, the most important factor to consider is what? - Answer-gas concentration gradient