NSG122 Fundamentals EXAM 2 blueprint (CHAPTERS 4,5,6) WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

Risk of tissue injury - ANS a. Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor b. Advanced aging and dehydration Lacerations : - ANS tearing of the skin and tissue with blunt or irregular instrument, tissue not aligned often with loss of skin and tissue contusion : - ANS blunt instrument, overlying skin remains intact, with injury to underlying soft tissue, possible bruising/hematoma irradiation : - ANS ultraviolet light or radiation exposure Incision : - ANS cutting or sharp instrument; wound edges in close approximation and aligned Homeostasis - ANS a. Involved blood vessels constrict and blood clotting begins through platelet activation. After only a brief period of constriction, these same blood vessels dilate and capillary permeability increases, allowing plasma and blood components to leak out into the area that is injured, forming a liquid called exudate. The accumulation of exudate causes swelling and pain. Increased perfusion results in heat and redness. b. Platelets are also responsible for releasing substances that stimulate other cells to migrate to the injury to participate in the other phases of healing Inflammation -ANS a. Lasts 2-3 days, white blood cells move to the wound and ingest bacteria and cellular debris, followed by macrophages which continue the cleanup and release growth factors for healing and fibroblasts, localized pain, heat, swelling, and systemic increased temp, increased WBC and general malaise Proliferation - ANS a. Formulation of granulation tissue, highly vascular, red, bleeds easily, lasts several weeks as new tissue is built to fill the wound space primarily through the action of fibroblasts