PSYC 2301 Final Exam Fully Tested And Verified

PSYC 2301 Final Exam Fully Tested And Verified Factors that Influence symptoms - answer- Individual differences/personality - Cultural differences - Situational factors - Stress - Mood Schema (illness representation) - answerA patients own beliefs about their illnesses; what they know about their disease/symptoms - helps them to explain. Five components of illness schemas - answer- Identity (label) - Consequences - Causes - Duration - Cure Models of illness - answerMost individuals have 3 models of illness: - Acute illness - Chronic illness - Cyclic illness Acute illness - answerBacterial or viral, short duration. E.g. standard cold or flu; lasts a couple of weeks and then it is gone. Chronic illness - answerMulti-factorial, long duration. Usually have for life; no clear cure. E.g. Diabetes Cyclic illness - answerAlternating period of activity - being sick, and then being well, etc. Interpretation of symptoms - additional influencers - answer- Lay referral network - input from friends, family, peers - Internet - background info, lifestyle modification Predictors of Health Service Users - answer- Age - Gender - Socio-economic status (SES) - Culture - Social psychological Age - answer- Newborns use the system during birth - Children/teens use it less (generally healthy) - Late adulthood - health complications start; access of system increases - Elderly - use the system the most Gender - answer- Women use the system more than men - Women give birth, are more prone to seeking help, more proactive, etc. Socio-economic status (SES) - answer- High SES = less use of system, more use of specialists - Low SeS = high use of system, less use of specialists Culture - answer- Visible minorities use the system more; less use of specialists - Ethnics made 4 + visits - Linguistic barriers - seen a lot in Canada - Perceived quality of care Social Psychological - answer- Individual attitude/beliefs about symptoms and health care (if you think negatively about the system, you are most likely going to have a negative experience; negative thinking) - Health belief model predictors: 1. Perceived threat to health - perception of severity influences help seeking 2. Belief of efficacy of intervention - knowing that there is a clear treatment will increase likeliness to seek help. Not knowing decreases likeliness. Misuse of Health Services - answerInstances where the system is used incorrectly: - Physical symptoms associated with emotional disturbances - Symptoms triggered by psychological drivers - Worried well individuals - Somatacizers - Secondary gains Symptoms triggered by psychological drivers - answero University students' disease o Inappropriate assessment by patient (physician vs. specialist) o Limited access - quicker/easier to see a doctor for physical health than a psychologist/psychotherapist for mental health Worried well individuals - answerIndividuals who place over emphasis on symptoms due to heightened self-care; use system a lot for small things. Somatacizers - answerPeople who express symptoms after personal or emotional insult; expressing physical symptoms from overwhelming change in your life. E.g. getting dumped and feeling like crap Secondary gains - answerDownstream benefits arising form the illness, such as: - Time off/rest - Removal from responsibilities - Medical (physical ability limited) vs. psychological symptoms (PTSD, resulting in reassignment for work) Delay Behaviour - answerPatients live with one or more potentially serious symptoms without proper care. - Delay = time between recognition and treatment. Types of Delay Behaviour - answerComposed of several time periods: - Appraisal delay - Illness delay - Behavioural delay - Medical delay - Treatment delay - Provider delay Appraisal delay - answerSymptom is serious. - The time from noticing the symptom and believed it is serious.