BIOL 2200: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS SOLVED 100% CORRECT!

Why is there blood in his urine? - Answer-Due to swelling/inflammation of testes, the plasma fluid must be released to relieve pressure which is done via the vas deferens then to the urethra Why is there shortness of breath? - Answer-He's in emotional stress due to the severe scrotal pain Why is there severe scrotal pain? - Answer-The kinin system activates proteins that assist with inflammatory response. A major kinin is bradykinin which causes increased permeability and acts with other compounds to produce pain. Why was his scrotum enlarged, warm, tender and firm? - Answer-This is due to the acute inflammation events: 1. Vascular response: Damage to tissue cells releases cytokines (IL1, TNF) and chemokines (IL8) into interstitial fluid 2. Histamine: Mast cells release histamine which causes vasodilation and increase permeability of capillaries 3. Fluid/Blood: Fluid/Blood proteins leak into interstitial fluid of tissue which results in edema 4. Edema/vasodilation: Edema & vasodilation causes heat, swelling, redness, loss of funtion. Why was his WBC count of 38,600 mm with a left shift? With normal rates of 4500-10,000 mm - AnswerThis is due to acute phase inflammatory response. Theres an increase in WBC (mainly neutrophils) for phagocytosis, production of ROS to kill bacteria, produces potent vasoactive mediators, cytokines,chemokines. The shift to the left indicate theres a greater number of immature neutrophils present which means theres inflammation or infection present. Why was his temp at 38.8 C? - Answer-Interleukin 1 produced by tissues macrophages stimulates acute phase reaction which leads to a fever. Why was his C-reactive protein at 20 mg/dl? With normal rates of 0-0.5 mg/dL - Answer-The acute phase response increase the production of C-reactive proteins- levels rise in response to inflammation, secreted by interleukin 6. Why was his erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 80 mm/hour? - Answer-This is a test to measure degree of inflammation present in the body. It increased because theres inflammation present. Why is there swelling of both testes? - Answer-Due to acute inflammation response: Edema and vasodilation cause swelling. Explain the changes in blood pressure and heart rate that Bobby exhibited by the fifth day post trauma - Answer-Heart rate: 108 beats per minute Blood pressure: droppped to 82/20 mmHg When undergoing inflammation, you go through vasodilation and increase permeability. His blood pressure dropped because of the vasodilation while his heart rate increased to compensate for the drop in blood pressure. How does the second ultrasound finding explain Bobbys condition? - Answer-The ultrasound revealed decreased vascularity in the left upper testicle consistent with a small laceration. The small lacteration is a mechanical damage to the testes which is what caused the acute inflammation that now became systemic. What is the "post inflammatory increased nodularity" noted in the final ultrasound taken three months post-trauma? - Answer-There is scar tissue that developed from the tear.