Criminology Theory exam latest 2024
update
Anomie - ANSWER>>Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a
society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
Anomie describes a lack of social norms; "normlessness". It describes the
breakdown of social bonds between an individual and their community, if
under unruly scenarios possibly resulting in fragmentation of social
identity and rejection of self-regulatory values.
Atavism - ANSWER>>Resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to
parents; reversion to an earlier type; The Italian school of criminology was
founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso;Born criminals
were thus viewed by Lombroso in his earliest writings as a form of human
sub-species; A criminal's skull would be shaped like a neanderthal's, so to
speak.
biosocial theory - ANSWER>>Approach to criminology that focuses on the
interaction between biological and social factors as they are related to
crime, -Human behavior is a function of the interaction of biochemical,
neurological, and genetic factors with environmental stimuli (family life,
community factors).
-personal traits and biological makeup, not parenting or social
environment, explain behavioral choices
-3 parts: biochemical, neurological, genetic theory
,Cesare Beccaria - ANSWER>>Italian; wrote On Crimes and Punishment;
Promoted criminal justice; applied logic and reason to crime and
punishment; felt that the justice system should focus on preserving social
order instead of avenging crimes; called for the abolition of capital
punishment and torture; wanted speedy trials and the elimination of cruel
and unusual punishment;
Cesare Lombroso - ANSWER>>An Italian doctor who published Criminal
Man in which he argued that criminals are born biologically inferior and
can be distinguished from noncriminal persons by the presence of certain
physical characteristics or stigmata;, applied scientific method to the study
of crime. believed criminals were biologically determined. theory of
atavism
Charles Darwin - ANSWER>>British Scientist; Social Darwinism in where
letting nature take its course and not help the needy; also used by the
Italian school to form theories of criminal being born and evolving into
criminals; eliminating criminals from the gene pool was logical.
Chicago School - ANSWER>>Criminological theories that rely, in part, on
individuals' demographics and geographic location to explain criminal
behavior; people's behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social
and physical environments
Classical School - ANSWER>>a criminological perspective of the late 1700s
and early 1800s that had its roots in the enlightenment and that held that
humans are rational beings, that crime is the result of the exercise of free
will, and that punishment can be effective in reducing the incidence of
crime, as it negates the pleasure to be derived from crime
commission;punish to deter; all humans are rational
, Conflict Theory - ANSWER>>Conflict theories are perspectives in social
science that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a
social group; In Mills's view, social structures are created through conflict
between people with differing interests and resources. Individuals and
resources, in turn, are influenced by these structures and by the "unequal
distribution of power and resources in the society.
Conservative Ideology - ANSWER>>maintain peace through strength
(military spending), supports troops, right to life, support prayer in
schools, oppose affirmative action, favor free-market solutions, low taxes,
low spending, go after the criminals, free gun control, less criminal rights
Control Theories of Crime - ANSWER>>Social control theories of crime
and delinquency attribute law-breaking
to the weakness, breakdown, or absence of those social bonds or
socialization processes that are
presumed to encourage law-abiding conduct.
Conventional Means - ANSWER>>governed very stringently by rules.
socially accepted: conforming to socially accepted customs of behavior or
style, especially in a way that lacks imagination
Developmental Criminology - ANSWER>>Began during the 20th century
(40's and 50's)
An integration of sociological, psychological, and economic elements came
together to form the perspective that criminality is a dynamic process
influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics
Differential Association - ANSWER>>An interpretation of the development
of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom
update
Anomie - ANSWER>>Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a
society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
Anomie describes a lack of social norms; "normlessness". It describes the
breakdown of social bonds between an individual and their community, if
under unruly scenarios possibly resulting in fragmentation of social
identity and rejection of self-regulatory values.
Atavism - ANSWER>>Resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to
parents; reversion to an earlier type; The Italian school of criminology was
founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso;Born criminals
were thus viewed by Lombroso in his earliest writings as a form of human
sub-species; A criminal's skull would be shaped like a neanderthal's, so to
speak.
biosocial theory - ANSWER>>Approach to criminology that focuses on the
interaction between biological and social factors as they are related to
crime, -Human behavior is a function of the interaction of biochemical,
neurological, and genetic factors with environmental stimuli (family life,
community factors).
-personal traits and biological makeup, not parenting or social
environment, explain behavioral choices
-3 parts: biochemical, neurological, genetic theory
,Cesare Beccaria - ANSWER>>Italian; wrote On Crimes and Punishment;
Promoted criminal justice; applied logic and reason to crime and
punishment; felt that the justice system should focus on preserving social
order instead of avenging crimes; called for the abolition of capital
punishment and torture; wanted speedy trials and the elimination of cruel
and unusual punishment;
Cesare Lombroso - ANSWER>>An Italian doctor who published Criminal
Man in which he argued that criminals are born biologically inferior and
can be distinguished from noncriminal persons by the presence of certain
physical characteristics or stigmata;, applied scientific method to the study
of crime. believed criminals were biologically determined. theory of
atavism
Charles Darwin - ANSWER>>British Scientist; Social Darwinism in where
letting nature take its course and not help the needy; also used by the
Italian school to form theories of criminal being born and evolving into
criminals; eliminating criminals from the gene pool was logical.
Chicago School - ANSWER>>Criminological theories that rely, in part, on
individuals' demographics and geographic location to explain criminal
behavior; people's behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social
and physical environments
Classical School - ANSWER>>a criminological perspective of the late 1700s
and early 1800s that had its roots in the enlightenment and that held that
humans are rational beings, that crime is the result of the exercise of free
will, and that punishment can be effective in reducing the incidence of
crime, as it negates the pleasure to be derived from crime
commission;punish to deter; all humans are rational
, Conflict Theory - ANSWER>>Conflict theories are perspectives in social
science that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a
social group; In Mills's view, social structures are created through conflict
between people with differing interests and resources. Individuals and
resources, in turn, are influenced by these structures and by the "unequal
distribution of power and resources in the society.
Conservative Ideology - ANSWER>>maintain peace through strength
(military spending), supports troops, right to life, support prayer in
schools, oppose affirmative action, favor free-market solutions, low taxes,
low spending, go after the criminals, free gun control, less criminal rights
Control Theories of Crime - ANSWER>>Social control theories of crime
and delinquency attribute law-breaking
to the weakness, breakdown, or absence of those social bonds or
socialization processes that are
presumed to encourage law-abiding conduct.
Conventional Means - ANSWER>>governed very stringently by rules.
socially accepted: conforming to socially accepted customs of behavior or
style, especially in a way that lacks imagination
Developmental Criminology - ANSWER>>Began during the 20th century
(40's and 50's)
An integration of sociological, psychological, and economic elements came
together to form the perspective that criminality is a dynamic process
influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics
Differential Association - ANSWER>>An interpretation of the development
of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom
