Queen's University PSYC 203 final exam Questions And Answers With Verified Study Solutions

Reasons to take PSYC 203 - -core of psych curriculum -provides foundation for doing research -basis of understanding other psych content courses -critical thinking -essential for graduate studies admission -teaches scientific thinking knowledge of the world is derived from: - -experiences and how we interpret them -reliance on authority -use of reason why empiricism is important: - -authorities can be wrong -reasonable arguments in the absence of empirical evidence are unproductive -social cognition biases confirmation bias - a tendency to seek and pay special attention to information that supports one's beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts a belief belief perseverance - a tendency to hold on doggedly to a belief, even in the face of evidence that would convince most people the belief is false availability heuristic - occurs when we experience unusual or very memorable events and then overestimate how often such events typically occur assumptions of research psychologists about behaviour - is lawful and predictable and using scientific methods can lead to the discover of regularitiesscience is objective - verifiable by more than a single observer emphasis on objectivity led to a shift from using _____ as a method to using _________ - introspection ; methods that measured specific behaviours science also requires conclusion about the ______ to be _____ - causes of behaviour ; data-based an empirical question - is answerable through the use of recognized scientific methods research psychologists are skeptical optimists - optimistic about discovering important things about behaviour, skeptical about claims made without solid empirical support pseudoscience - characterized by a deliberate attempt to associate itself with true science Pseudoscience warning signs - -relying on anecdotal evidence -developing vague theories that fail the test of falsification -tendency to explain complicated phenomena with overly simplistic concepts research in psychology aims to: - -provide clear and detailed descriptions of behavioural phenomena -develop laws to predict behaviour with probability greater than chance -provide adequate explanations of the causes of behaviour the visual cliff studies - Eleanor Gibson APA developed its code of ethics _____, using a _________ procedure. - empirically ; critical incidents the code for research using human participants consists of: - -general principles guiding behaviour of psychologists-specific standards of behaviour APA code for research with humans - -includes cost-benefit analysis of the degree of risk imposed on participants with scientific value -informed consent -special care with children and people prone to coercion -participants are free to withdraw and assured confidentiality -debrief for participants responsibilities of Institutional Review Boards - ensure research studies with human subjects are following ethics code and federal law APA guidlines for research with animals concern: - -care and humane treatment -guidance in choosing appropriate experimental procedures -use of animals for research and educational purposes data falsification - -manufacturing or altering of data -often discovered because of repeated failures to replicate findings forms of scientific fraud - -plagiarism -data falsification basic research in psychology - aims to discover fundamental principles of behaviour applied research - undertaken with specific practical problems in mind laboratory research allows _______ field research ______ - greater control ; closely approximated real-life situationsresearch ideas can come from: - -reflection on everyday observations -specific problems -serendipity theories - -summarize and organize existing knowledge -provide a basis for making predictions -provide a working explanation about some phenomenon relationship between theory building and research is ________ - reciprocal theories in psychology are useful because they ______ that increases our _____ - generate research ; understanding of behaviour good theories are _____ and precise enough to be _____ by well-designed research - parsimonious ; falsified psychology seldom thinks in terms of isolated experiments - -produce programs of research within a specific area (include studies that involve direct and conceptual replications of existing findings and new ideas) -use results of experiments as starting points for next experiment probability sampling is designed to create _______ - good samples common forms of probability sampling - -simple random sample -stratified sample -cluster sample common forms of non-probability sampling - -quota sampling -purposive sampling -snowball samplingsimple random sample - every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected stratified sample - ensures that important subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample cluster sample - used when it is impossible to know all of the members of the population quota sampling - researchers divide the population into groups and then arbitrarily choose participants from each group -nonprobability purposive sampling - a specific group is targeted -nonprobability snowball sampling - subjects recommend others known to them as additional subjects in the study -non probability _______ measured in psychological research range from _______ to ____ to ____ - behaviours ; overt actions ; self-reports ; physiological recordings ______ measures of behaviour are both ____ and ____ - high-quality ; reliable ; valid to be reliable is to be: - repeatable and low in measurement error a valid measure - actually measures what they are supposed to confidence in validity increases if it has: - -content validity-criterion validity content validity - measure make sense criterion validity - measure predicts future outcomes well construct validity - the measurement being used is a good measure of the construct being studied valid constructs also show ______ and _____ validity - convergent ; discriminant