ECPI A&P 1 Final Exam Questions with well explained answers

Endocrine - Answer-the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream red bone marrow - Answer-found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis, produces blood cells yellow bone marrow - Answer-fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones covalent bond - Answer-A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule ionic bond - Answer-Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another hydrogen bond - Answer-weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom Polar - Answer-Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with g a pair of equal and opposite charges Nonpolar - Answer-No partial charges. Do not mix with sharing of electrons What is a genetic code - Answer-is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins. DNA - Answer-deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. smooth muscle - Answer-Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body cardiac muscle - Answer-Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the tal muscle - Answer-A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. Nucleus - Answer-A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction myocyte - Answer-muscle cell or muscle fiber Chondrocytes - Answer-mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae. a cell which has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it. Osteocytes - Answer-a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. Adipocytes - Answer-fat cells Erythrocytes - Answer-red blood cells (RBC); no nucleus, contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen Aponeurosis - Answer-strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone What is the matrix composed of? - Answer-fibrous proteins and ground substance What are the layers of the bone? - Answer-periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow Interphase - Answer-Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases Prophase - Answer-Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle formsMetaphase - Answer-second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Anaphase - Answer-the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles Telophase - Answer-phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin Cytokinesis - Answer-division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells muscle spindles - Answer-receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change Golgi tendon organs - Answer-receptors that sense movement of the tendons, which connect muscle to bone tectorial membrane - Answer-A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move Nociceptors - Answer-pain receptors EPSP - Answer-Excitatory postsynaptic potential; a slight depolarization of a postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential of that cell closer to the threshold for an action potential. IPSP - Answer-Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; a slight hyperpolarization of the postysynaptic cell, moving the membrane potential of that cell further from threshold. graded potential - Answer-a shift in the electrical charge in a tiny area of a neuron action potential - Answer-a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axonresting potential - Answer-The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane target cells - Answer-cells that have receptors for a particular hormone nonsteroid hormones - Answer-hormones derived from protein, peptides, or amino acids that cannot easily cross cell membranes steroid hormones - Answer-hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex What ion is required for release of neurotransmitter? - Answer-calcium synchondrosis joint - Answer-bar/plate of hyaline cartilage joins bones; synarthrotic ball and socket joint - Answer-hip and shoulder joints Gomphosis - Answer-attachment of a tooth to its socket fibrous joints - Answer-consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together Layers of the eye - Answer-sclera, choroid, retina Lens - Answer-the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina Cornea - Answer-The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye Retina - Answer-the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual informationchoroid - Answer-middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera hypotonic solution - Answer-A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution