Btec Applied Science Unit One Biology.docx

What is the function of the mitochondria? - correct answer cellular respiration What is the function of the ribosomes? - correct answer protein synthesis What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? - correct answer Synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? - correct answer Modified and packaged proteins into vesicles for transport What is the function of the lysosomes? - correct answer Digests old cell material and waste What is the function of the centrioles? - correct answer Form into spindle fibres for cell division What is the function of the chloroplasts? - correct answer photosynthesis What is the function of the tonoplasts? - correct answer The membrane around the vacuole to keep it together What is the function of the vacuole? - correct answer Maintain turgid pressure in the plant cell What is the function of the plasmodestmata? - correct answer To allow materials to pass through the cell wall What is the function of the amyloplasts? - correct answer Starch synthesis and storage Name three organelles which are only in plant cells - correct answer Vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall Define eukaryotic cells - correct answer Are part of a multicellular organisms Define prokaryotic cells - correct answer Are unicellular organisms Name two differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? - correct answer Eukaryotic has a nucleus but prokaryotic doesn't my eukaryotic has a membrane bound organelles while prokaryotic doesn't What two dyes are used to show gram positive and gram negative bacteria? - correct answer Crystal violet and safranin Describe the difference between gram positive and gram negative? - correct answer Gram negative has thin cell walls so the ethanol washes out the crystal violet, so they appear safranin pink. Gram positive appears purple Describe the key features of a sperm cell? - correct answer Across one to penetrate the egg, tail for swimming, lots of mitochondria for energy Describe the features of egg cells? - correct answer Hormones to attract the speed, zona pellucuda to protect the egg, corona radiate to supply protein to developing foetus What is TEM? - correct answer Transmission electron microscope What is SEM? - correct answer Scanning electron microscope Compare TEM and SEM - correct answer TEM produces images of thin slices of material whereas SEM looks at the surface topography. Both are very magnified compared to the light microscopes and require dead samples. Describe how a light microscope works - correct answer Light microscopes use visible light and magnifying lenses to observe small objects Describe how an electron microscope works - correct answer They use a beam of electrons in a vacuum with a wavelength of less than 1 nm to visualise the specimen Give one positive and one limitation of light microscopes - correct answer Positive - can observe living structures Negative - relatively low magnification (x500) and resolution (x200nm) Give one positive and one negative of electron microscopes - correct answer Positive - high magnification (x500000) and resolution (0.1nm) Negative - destroys the sample Magnification equation - correct answer magnification = image size/actual size Describe the key features of a palisade cell - correct answer Found in leaves, they are rectangular box shaped cells that contain chloroplasts. The chloroplasts can absorb light for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts move around in the cytoplasm to maximise the amount of light absorbed Describe the key features of a root hair cell - correct answer Found in a plants roots near the growing tip. They have long hair like extensions called root hairs. They increase the surface area of the cell to maximise the movement of water and minerals. Describe the key features of a red blood cell (erythrocytes) - correct answer Biconcave in shape increases the surface area to volume ratio. They are flexible so that they can squeeze through the narrow capillaries. They have no nucleus, this increases space for haemoglobin to carry oxygen Describe the key features of white blood cells (neutrophils) - correct answer Multi-over nuclei which help them to squeeze through small gaps when travelling to the site of infection. Cytoplasms holds lysosomes that contain enzymes which breakdown pathogens and then ingest them Describe the location of the squamous epithelial tissue - correct answer Lines organs Describes the function of the squamous epithelial tissue - correct answer It is one cell thick and forms thin, smooth, flat layers, ideal for rapid diffusion Describe the location of the ciliated columnar epithelial tissue - correct answer Lines the trachea Describe the function of the ciliated columnar epithelial tissue - correct answer It is column shaped cells with hair like structures (cilia) along the surface. They protect the lungs by sweeping away pathogens and secreting mucus to trap the pathogens Describe the location of the endothelial tisuue - correct answer Lines the heart and blood vessels Describe the function of the endothelial tissue - correct answer The cell provides a short diffusion pathway for substances such as products of digestion into the blood How is emphysema caused? - correct answer Smoking can irritate and cause the epithelial tissue of the lungs to become inflamed and scarred. The alveoli walls become thicker and produce more mucus. This damage caused the lungs to lose their elasticity How is atherosclerosis caused? - correct answer Carbon monoxide and high blood pressure can damage the inner lining of arteries. White blood cells repair the damage and encourage muscle and fatty substances to build up under the endothelial tissue rather than on the surface. This can decrease the size of the lumen and cause the heart to work harder What is the function of the skeletal muscle - correct answer It is attached to bones and controls contraction and relaxation What is the function of the cardiac muscle - correct answer It is found in the heart, it contracts to make the heart beat What is the function