Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology.docx

Anatomy - correct answer the study of the structure of the body Physiology - correct answer the study of the function of the body Chemical level - correct answer represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level and molecular level) Cellular level - correct answer represents the basic unit of all living things Tissue level - correct answer a group of cells with similar or common function Organ level - correct answer a group of tissues with similar or common function Organ system level - correct answer a group of organs with similar or common function Organismic level - correct answer the entire body consisting of the various organ systems. Integumentary System - correct answer controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards Skeletal System - correct answer supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells Muscular System - correct answer movement, support and produces heat Nervous System - correct answer controls immediate responses to stimuli Endocrine System - correct answer controls long-term responses in body Cardiovascular System - correct answer internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells Lymphatic & Immune Systems - correct answer defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system Respiratory System - correct answer exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues Digestive System - correct answer ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible wastes Urinary System - correct answer filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate waste products Reproductive System - correct answer produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction homeostasis - correct answer condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow physiological limits homeostatic regulation - correct answer adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis receptor - correct answer monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control center control (integration) center - correct answer receives input from receptor & determines appropriate response effector - correct answer cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces a response (effect) interactions of a feedback system - correct answer stimulus - receptor - input (afferent pathway) - control center - output (efferent pathway) - response positive feedback - correct answer the response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine contraction, etc. - correct answer ... Negative feedback - correct answer the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. - correct answer ... Anatomical position - correct answer patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic = head Cranial - correct answer upper portion of head surrounding brain Facial - correct answer face cervical - correct answer neck thoracic - correct answer chest axillary - correct answer armpit acromial - correct answer point of shoulder deltoid - correct answer fleshy portion of shoulder brachial - correct answer upper arm antebrachial - correct answer forearm antecubital - correct answer front of elbow carpal - correct answer wrist manual - correct answer hand digital (phalangeal) - correct answer fingers or toes abdominal - correct answer region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis dorsal - correct answer back lumbar - correct answer lower back olecranol - correct answer back of elbow pelvic - correct answer pelvis pubic - correct answer anterior pelvis inguinal - correct answer junction of trunk and thighs (groin) gluteal - correct answer buttocks femoral - correct answer thigh patellar - correct answer front of knee popliteal - correct answer back of knee crural - correct answer anterior of lower leg (shin) sural - correct answer posterior of lower leg (calf) tarsal - correct answer ankle pedal - correct answer foot plantar - correct answer bottom of foot superior ( - correct answer cephalic = cranial) = towards the head inferior ( - correct answer caudal) = away from the head anterior (ventral) - correct answer towards the front posterior (dorsal) - correct answer towards the back medial - correct answer towards the midline lateral - correct answer away from the midline proximal - correct answer towards the point of attachment (limbs) distal - correct answer away from the point of attachment (limbs) superficial - correct answer towards the surface (i.e., skin) deep - correct answer away from the surface Sagittal - correct answer separates the body into right and left parts Midsaggital - correct answer median = separates the body into equal right and left parts Parasaggital - correct answer separates the body into unequal right and left parts Frontal - correct answer coronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse - correct answer horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior and inferior parts