Anatomy and Physiology Module 8 - Lymphatic System Exam Marking Scheme

Anatomy and Physiology Module 8 - Lymphatic System Exam Marking Scheme Where does lymph come from - ANSWER- Fluid that has leak out and around cells What are the lymph organs - ANSWER- Tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen Where does fluid enter the lymph system - ANSWER- lymphatic capillaries and vessels What does it move to after the lymph capillaries - ANSWER- lymph channels Why does lymph move - ANSWER- contractions of large skeletal muscles What ensures a unidirectional movement of lymph - ANSWER- A series of valves helps to ensure a unidirectional movement of lymph How does the lymph enter the lymph node - ANSWER- Lymph enters through an afferent lymph vessel What are lymph nodes - ANSWER- Pockets that have a high concentration of lymphocytes that function to filter harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses from lymph before its returned to the blood stream. What are four things that can be destroyed by lymph nodes - ANSWER- Bacteria, viruses, infectious agent, cancer cells What is lymphadenitis - ANSWER- Inflammation of the lymph nodes How does the lymph exit the lymph node - ANSWER- Efferent vessels Is there one or many lymph nodes - ANSWER- Many Where will cancer cells collect if they break off a tumor - ANSWER- If cancer cells break off of a tumor they will collect in the the lymph nodes in the process of spreading throughout the body What direction does lymph generally move - ANSWER- cephalad What does "cephalad" mean - ANSWER- towards the head What portion of the body drains into the thoracic duct - ANSWER- Everything expect the right and right side of the head and thorax superior to the diaphragm What portion of the body drains into the lymphatic duct - ANSWER- The right arm and right side of the head and thorax superior to the diaphragm Where does lymph from the thoracic duct enter the blood stream - ANSWER- left subclavian vein Where does lymph from the lymphatic duct enter the blood stream - ANSWER- right subclavian vein What happens when a lymph channel is blocked - ANSWER- Fluid will accumulate Where will fluid accumulate in the case of blockage - ANSWER- Anywhere on the distal end of a lymphatic chain of vessels, most notably in the extremities What is one disease that can lead to lymphedema - ANSWER- Lymphatic filariasis, which is a parasitic nematode (or roundworm) will block the lymph channels What is elephantiasis - ANSWER- The tendency of a human leg to lose all definition and resemble the cylindrical leg of an elephant What is the function of the tonsils - ANSWER- Situated to capture microbes before they can go very far into the body Where do we find the tonsils - ANSWER- At the back of your mouth, posterior to you uvula What is the function of the adenoids - ANSWER- To capture microbes before they can enter the pharynx from your nose Where do we find the adenoids - ANSWER- The very back of your nose just before the pharynx/throat. (posterior region of the nasal cavity) What is a tonsillectomy - ANSWER- Removal of the tonsils What is the structure of the thymus - ANSWER- A two part organ located anterior to the superior portion of the heart and posterior to the sternum What is the function of the thymus - ANSWER- Bring about the maturation of T cells or eliminate bad T cells What is a dysplastic cell and is it a problem - ANSWER- These are a body's cells that are not growing correctly and they are a problem because they can become cancerous. Is the thymus equally active throughout life - ANSWER- No, its most active early in life and about the time puberty begins to wither How does the thymus change over the course of a human life - ANSWER- As a person ages the thymus cells become more and more replaced with fat cells What is DiGeorge syndrome - ANSWER- Is a disease process that results from a deletion within chromosome 22 that leads to a child having an underdeveloped thymus and decreased immune system function Where do we find the spleen - ANSWER- Upper left quadrant of the human abdomen. What is the function of the spleen - ANSWER- Produce red blood cells and some white blood cells. It'll also remove some red blood cells that have worn out. How long does a red blood cell persist in the body - ANSWER- 120 days What diseases can damage the spleen - ANSWER- Lymphoma, sickle cell disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. What is a splenectomy - ANSWER- Removal of the spleen What does lymphoma mean - ANSWER- tumor of of the lymphatic system What are the two types of lymphoma - ANSWER- Hodgkin and non hodgkin What cells are needed to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma - ANSWER- Reed Sternberg cells What is the survival rate of Hodgkin lymphoma - ANSWER- 85% What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma - ANSWER- Diseases that all start with a type of lymphoid tissue and grow and interrupt the body's ability to fight infection How does lymphoma damage the body - ANSWER- It will interrupt the body's ability to fight infection so a patient will be susceptible to microbes that an individual with an intact immune system would not be bothered by What treatments are used for lymphoma - ANSWER- radiation therapy focused on destroying cancerous tissue, chemotherapy to circulate through the body to stop the cancer from spreading and treatments to improve immune function in the patient. Such treatments include system boosting drugs, and stem cell transplants to regrow the immune system. Lymphatic drainage from the right leg will reenter the blood via the ________. - ANSWER- left subclavian vein Lymph leaves a lymph node via the _________ lymph vessel. - ANSWER- efferent __________ causes lymph to move toward the heart. - ANSWER- Muscle contractions Excess fluid enters the lymphatic system first at ________. - ANSWER- lymphatic capillaries The lymphocytes in a lymph node will work to remove ________. - ANSWER- bacteria, viruses, and dysplastic cells A patient reports that he sits all the time that he is not laying in bed. He is concerned that his feet are swollen. What is the most likely cause of this condition? - ANSWERLack of muscle contractions means the fluid does not move from his legs Lymph enters a lymph node through a(n) _________ vessel. - ANSWER- afferent While examining a patient, you feel an inflamed lymph node. This is an example of ________. - ANSWER- lymphadenitis Which of the following are attempted to be removed from the body in a lymph node?poison, dysplastic cells, heavy metals, viruses, bacteria, cancerous cells, parasites - ANSWER- viruses, bacteria, cancerous cells Please indicate which number is associated with the tonsils. - ANSWER- 2 Once lymph reenters the blood, it is _______. - ANSWER- plasma The thoracic duct is connected to the ________ subclavian vein. - ANSWER- left Lymphatic drainage of the sigmoid colon will travel via the __________. - ANSWERthoracic duct Blockage of lymphatic return of fluids will cause swelling in the __________ portion of the area affected. - ANSWER- distal The symptom of elephantiasis is an extreme form of ________ from lymphatic blockage. - ANSWER- lymphedema You've had your tonsils removed. What might be a long term consequence of this? - ANSWER- decreased ability to fight off infection Beginning in puberty, the __________ withers and produces less T-cells. - ANSWERthymus A friend has been in an automobile collision. She complains of abdominal pain in her upper left quadrant and tells you that this area is sensitive to touch. She also says she's been feeling light headed. What might she have injured? - ANSWER- spleen In DiGeorge syndrome, a deletion in chromosome 22 causes the thymus not to fully form. Without a functional thymus, _____________. - ANSWER- the immune response to microbes throughout the body will be lessened You and your best friend have volunteered to donate blood. The nurse tells you that before you can give blood, you need to be checked if you have anemia, a condition associated with how much oxygen your red blood cells can carry. Your friend says, "I'm always anemic since I had my spleen removed." Why might this be the case? - ANSWER- The spleen makes red blood cells, so your friend will have less than other people. In the sixth decade of life, the thymus is mostly - ANSWER- fatty tissue About how many days will a red blood cell circulate before becoming worn out and removed in the spleen? - ANSWER- 120 A patient has a cancer of the lymphatic system. The name for this is _________. - ANSWER- lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cells indicate what disease? - ANSWER- Hodgkin lymphoma Why are stem cell transplants a treatment for lymphoma? - ANSWER- stem cells will help rebuild the immune system With proper treatment, Hodgkin lymphoma has what percent survival rate? - ANSWER85% Place the locations of lymph flowing from the lower right quadrant of the abdomen back into the blood circulation. #1 should be the first place fluid is part of the lymphatic system. - ANSWER- lymph capillaries, lymph vessel, lymph node, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein What is the correct meaning for the word, "lymphoma"? - ANSWER- tumor of lymphatic tissue Choose the characteristic that is particular to the lymphatic vessels and not the circulatory vessels. - ANSWER- contains valves for unidirectional movement Which of the following are attempted to be removed from the body in a lymph node? - ANSWER- All of these may be attempted to be removed by lymph nodes A patient reports that he sits in his chair all day long in an easy chair in front of the TV and does not get up to walk around or change rooms. He is concerned that his feet are swollen. What is the most likely cause of this condition? - ANSWER- Without using her large skeletal muscles, the force needed to return lymph to her subclavian vein is missing. If a patient is suffering from a ruptured spleen, what notation would be seen in the doctor's notes prior to surgery? - ANSWER- incision will be made in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen