Psychology exam with 100% verified answers

Definition of psychology - correct answer The science of behavior and mental processes John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner Subject matter of psychology - correct answer Observable behavior Mental processes/Mental events Animal Behavior Creation of psychology (when and who) - correct answer 1879 William Wundt Structuralism - correct answer Founded by Titchener Attempted to discover the structural elements of the mind Used introspection Functionalism - correct answer Founded by James How our mental and behavioral processes function and how the allow us to adapt, survive and fluorish Mary Calkins - correct answer First female psychologist Memory research First APA female president Margaret Floy Washburn - correct answer "The Animal Mind" First female psychology PhD Ivan Pavlov - correct answer Study of learning Sigmund Freud - correct answer Theory of personality Jean Plaget - correct answer Observer of children Behaviorism - correct answer Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes Psychology exam with 100% verified answers Humanistic psychology - correct answer Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Effect of current environmental influences and the fulfillment of our needs Cognitive neuroscience - correct answer Study of the brain activity linked with cognition Ways we perceive, process, and remember information Behavior - correct answer Any action we can observe and record Mental processes - correct answer Internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior Nature-nurture issue - correct answer Controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience Nurture works on what nature endows On the Origin of Species - correct answer Published in 1859 by Charles Darwin Natural selection Natural selection - correct answer Among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Biopsychosocial approach - correct answer Considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors Biological influences - correct answer Natural selection Genetic predispositions Brain mechanisms Hormonal influences Psychology exam with 100% verified answers Psychological influences - correct answer Learned behaviors Emotional responses Cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations Social-cultural influences - correct answer Presence of others Cultural, societal, and family expectations Group influences Compelling modes Neuroscience - correct answer How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary - correct answer How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes Behavior genetics - correct answer How much our genes and our environment influences our individual differences Psychodynamic - correct answer How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts Behavioral - correct answer How we learn observable responses Cognitive - correct answer How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information Social-cultural - correct answer How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures Biological psychologists - correct answer Links between brain and mind Developmental psychologists - correct answer Changing abilities throughout life Cognitive psychologists - correct answer How we perceive, thing, and solve problems Psychology exam with 100% verified answers Personality psychologists - correct answer Persistent traits Social psychologists - correct answer How we view one another Applied research - correct answer Tackles practical problems Counseling psychologists - correct answer Help people to cope with challenges and crises and to improve their personal and social functioning Clinical psychologists - correct answer Asses and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders Psychiatrists - correct answer Medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders Hindsight bias - correct answer The tendency to believe , after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it Critical thinking - correct answer Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluated evidence, and assesses conclusions Theory - correct answer Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events Hypothesis - correct answer A testable prediction, often implied by a theory Operational definition - correct answer Statement of the procedures used to define research variables Descriptive methods - correct answer Describe behaviors Psychology exam with 100% verified answers Correlational methods - correct answer Associate different factors Experimental methods - correct answer Manipulate factors to discover their effects Case study - correct answer Examines one individual in depth Suggest directions for further study May be misleading Survey - correct answer Looks at many cases in less depth Asks people to report their behavior or opinions Can be biased by wording and sample characteristics Population - correct answer All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn Random sample - correct answer Every member of the population has an equal chance of participating Ideal sample size - correct answer Large Naturalistic observations - correct answer Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation Cannot explain the behavior, only describe it Correlation - correct answer A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other Correlation coefficient - correct answer A statistical index of the relationship between two things Less scatter - correct answer More correlation