Life 103 Final Exam CSU (exam 1-3) Graded A Q&A Complete

Phylogeny - Classification of organisms according to evolutionary relationships. Taxonomy - Evolutionary classification Linnaean system of classification (taxonomy) - Domain> Kingdom> Phylum> Class> Order> Family> Genus> Species (Did King Phillip Come Over For Grandma's Soup) [ex. Homo sapien](italicized) Phylogeny relationships - Basal Group: Branch from oldest common ancestor, no other branch from species. Sister Taxa: Share common ancestor Homologies - Comparing the structure of a body part or cell to infer a evolutionary relationship [Morphological and molecular homologies] (ex. Bones in a human hand to the bones in the fin of a whale) Anology - Same function but with different structures between two species. (ex. bird wings and butterfly wings) Cladistics - Using shared characteristics of species to group into a heirarchy Maximum Parsimony (Cladistics) - Simplest explanation (fewest evolutionary events) Maximum Likelihood (Cladistics) - Uses DNA sequencing. uses probability for different types of mutations to form the most likely phylogenetic treeAssumptions about Cladistics - Characteristics of lineages change over time Any combination of groups shares a common ancestor Bifurcating pattern of descent Molecular clock - Allows us to estimate time since common ancestor. Needs a fossil record or sample of estimated AVERAGE rate of mutation accumulation to calibrate the molecular clock. Prokaryotes - Horizontal Gene Transfer(HGT) - The movement of genes among individuals (same generation) How does Horizontal Gene Transfer work - 1. Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA 2. Transaction: Phages carry prokaryotic genes between cells; inject genes from donor into recipient. 3. Conjugation: DNA transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined (antibiotic resistance) Prokaryotic lineage evolution and genetic diversity - Genetic Recombination (HGT) rapid reproduction and mutation Protists (Protista) - Membrane bound organelles Well developed cytoskeleton (Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists) Porifera - Basal group of animalsLack of true tissues (sponges) Tissue development - Diploblastic development - The blastula undergoes gastrulation (inversion [pushing in a flat soccer ball into itself]) to for the Gastula (2 layers) Cnidarians - (Jellyfish, hydras) Diploblastic (two tissue layers) Jawless Two forms: -Medusozoans: Medusa and polyp form -Anthozoans: only polyp form Clade Bilateria - Characterized by their bilateral symmetry and they are triploblastic (Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm) Digestive tract with 2 opening (mouth and anus) -protostomes vs. deuterostomes Protostomes vs Deuterostomes - Protostomes: Mouth develops first (from the blastula) -Lophotrochozoa (sea snails) -Ecdysozoa (lobsters) Deuterostomes: Mouth develops second-Deuterostomia (fish) Arthropods - Segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton, and joined appendages Jawless Deuterstomes (Chelicerates, Myriapods, and Pancrustations) Chelicerates - (Sea spiders, horseshow carb, arachnids[spiders]) -Cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and abdomen -No antennae -simple eyes Myriapods - Many legs (Millipedes and centipedes) Pancrustaceans - (Crabs, lobsters, shrimp) many pairs of specialized appendages Chordates - 4 characteristics: -Notochord -Dorsal, hollow nerve chord -Pharyngeal slits -Post-anal tailVertebrates - Skeletal system and more complex nervous system Hagfish and Lampreys - Basal vertebrates -Jawless -Rudimentary vertebrea (cartilage) Jawed vertebrates - Gnathostomes jaws and a mineralized skeleton (Chondrichthyes [Sharks], Actinopterygii [Bony fish], and tetrapods) -Lungs or derived lungs (besides sharks) [osteichthyes]