WSU Bio 102 Final Exam Questions and Answers with complete solution

How does BPA cause cancer? - Answer-it disrupts meiosis and mitosis causing breast and prostate cancer. 3 and 7 plastics may contain BPA What is a genetic fingerprint? how do you make one? - Answer--Genetic Fingerprint: DNA uses the differences in base sequences to identify individuals. -DNA fingerprinting involves 3 tools: 1. PCR to get large amounts of DNA 2. Restriction digest with blunt ends to fragment the DNA with precision 3. Gel electrophoresis to separate and visualize the DNA fragments Genetic engineering - how can you insert a gene into a new cell? - Answer--Genetic engineering is the permanent introduction of one or more genes into a cell, tissue, or organism. 1) Use PCR to isolate Gene 2) Cut the plasmid DNA with restriction enzymes (using a staggered cut) 3) The ends of the cut have an overhanging piece of single stranded DNA 4) The "sticky ends" will base pair with the DNA containing complementary sticky ends. 5) Use heat shock to get the genetically engineered plasmid into the cell. How are scientists using genetic engineering to create plants that make vaccines? - Answer--They identify and synthesize a single viral gene that codes for the virus Three steps for inserting gene into new cell. - Answer-1. Transcription (copy the code into mRNA) 2. mRNA Splicing (remove non-coding sequences) 3. Translation (translate the language of the nucleic acids into the language of the amino acids). Which plant is close to being approved by the FDA to make flu vaccines? - Answer-TobaccoWhat is the mode of action for each of the different birth control methods (how do they work)? - Answer-intrauterine device - most effect, t-shaped device w/ hormones condoms - the worst Bioengineering organs - revisit the story of how scientists are creating blood vessels that can be transplanted into patients and not have to worry about the body rejecting the tissue. - Answer--They collected smooth muscle cells from the blood vessels of organ donors and grew those muscle cells on a biodegradable frame shaped like a blood vessel. For the body to not reject the tissue, the original donors muscle cells had to be washed away. Once implanted, the donors own muscle and blood accept the tube and fill in the cracks. Blood vessels, nerve grafts, bladders, and windpipes have all successfully been implanted into humans. Lungs kidneys and hearts are being worked on. Antibiotic resistance - what is MRSA? How does bacteria become resistant to our antibiotics? - Answer-- MRSA is Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. It is a staph skin infection that is resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin and methicillin. -Bacteria become resistant to our antibiotics through three steps of natural selection: 1.) Variation - If some bacteria happen to have an allele that can detoxify an antibiotic... 2.) Selection - When the antibiotic is added to the environment it will kill those without the allele. 3.) Reproduction - Individuals with the allele will survive and reproduce. - Next generation has more bacteria with the resistance allele. What does science study? - Answer--Science is a body of knowledge about the natural world and an evidence-based process for acquiring that knowledge. When someone makes a claim in science, what kind of support do they need to have that claim accepted as true? - Answer-A scientific claim is a state about how the world works that can be proved or disproved using the scientific method. . What is a theory in science? - Answer--A "theory" is an overarching explanation of a variety of related observations. (exam definition)-A scientific theory is an explanation of a group of related hypotheses that has been repeatedly confirmed by diverse lines of evidence. What is a hypothesis? - Answer-A hypothesis is an educated guess that is falsifiable about a natural phenomenon. We discussed the fact that experiments are designed to falsify the hypothesis rather than support it. Explain what this means and why science is set up this way. - Answer--Experiments are designed to falsify a hypothesis because the results never "prove" the hypothesis is correct. Science is open to revision if data compel it. -To say a hypothesis is "falsifiable" means it is possible to imagine some observation that would show the hypothesis is false. (from exam) You must be careful when drawing conclusions - what is the difference between causation and correlation? How can correlation lead to faulty conclusion? - AnswerThe cell membrane is "semi-permeable". What does this mean? - Answer-It means that the cell can pass liquid and particles back and forth through the cell wall. This is crucial for maintaining equal gradients in and out of the cell. What kinds of molecules can slip through the cell membrane without special trans-membrane channels? - Answer-Water Molecules Describe how trans-membrane channel proteins facilitate movement of molecules into and out of a cell using passive and active transport. - Answer--Passive transport goes from high to low concentration. -Passive transportation is the movement of a substance without using energy. Passive transportation requires the substances to go from a high to low area of concentration. This is called diffusion and is spontaneous. -Active transport goes from a low to high concentration by using energy (ATP) to complete it. -Active transport facilitates the movement of a substance that requires an input of energy. This occurs when molecules move from an area of lower to higher concentration.Where is the genetic material housed in a prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cell? - Answer--Eukaryotic: more complete, contains a nucleus and other various organelles. DNA is in the Nucleus. -Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus. DNA is in the cytoplasm. Which organisms are prokaryotes? - Answer-Bacteria and Archaea