Brooks Biological Principles Exam 2 Solution Guide 2024 Complete

Cytology - correct answer-the study of cells Cell Theory - correct answer-all living things are composed of cells and come from living cells Robert Hooke - correct answer-one of the first to use microscope, observing a piece of cork from the stem of plants, where he found chambers arising in the idea of a cell. Light Microscope - correct answer-takes pictures of large atoms. nucleus, not electrons Scanning Electron Microscope - correct answer-electrons are reflected off of a specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D image Transmission Electron Microscope - correct answer-Microtome: a tool used to cut extremely *thin* slices of material for observation under a TEM. Microtomes are often made of diamonds Can you see electrons using the electron microscopes? - correct answer-No, can only see neutrons & protons Why are most cells small? - correct answer-To maximize the ratio of surface area to volume for regulating the internal cell environment Smaller cells have bigger membranes Does cell need a bigger surface area or volume? - correct answer-surface area Plasma Membrane - correct answer-aka "Fluid Mosaic Model" composed of fluidlike phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol (*helps maintain proper fluid viscosity*), and glycoproteins (antigens: "name tags" for immune system) "self" antigen: produced by the body "not self" antigen: not produced by the body so antigens will attack this Get sick more when younger because body is still learning these "name tags" Arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body attacks itself Pollen grain: not self, antigens will attack = phagocytosis involved in *ATP production* and the electron transport system Cell Wall - correct answer-outside of the cell membrane in some organisms (plants); composed of carbohydrates or carbohydrate derivatives (peptidoglycan for bacteria) Cytoplasm - correct answer-material outside the nucleus • site for metabolic activity • cytosol: solution with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, & O2, etc • organelles: membrane-bound subunits of cells with specialized functions Cytoskeleton - correct answer-supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules (*biggest, tubular dimers*), microfilaments (*smallest, actin*), and intermediate filaments Microtubules - correct answer-form cilia (*numerous & short*) , flagella ( *long, usually 1 or 2*) , & centrioles Prokaryotes - correct answer-have a simple cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles • nucleoid w/ DNA in continuous loop • 360 flagella rotation • ribosomes present • plasma membrane produces ATP • cell wall Ex: Bacteria & Archaea Eukaryotes - correct answer-have a complex cellular organization; membrane-bound organelles, located inside the cell membrane Nucleus - correct answer-contains the dna in form of chromosomes; control cellular activities via gene Nucleolus - correct answer-located in the nucleus, the site for ribosome synthesis Rough ER - correct answer-has ribosomes, necessary for protein synthesis Smooth ER - correct answer-no ribosomes, involve in lipids synthesis Golgi Apparatus - correct answer-packaging center for molecules; synthesizes carbohydrates Lysosome - correct answer-contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion Peroxisome - correct answer-involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degradation Chloroplast - correct answer-site of photosynthesis Chromoplast - correct answer-contains nongreen pigments Leukoplast - correct answer-stores starch