AVS 3311 Exam 1 Study Guide with correct 100% answers 2024

The biochemical relationship between color and behavior in domestic animals is found in the metabolic conversion of DOPA to Dopamine and melanin. A. True B. False - correct answer True The capybara is an example of a potential microlivestock domesticated animal that could replace cattle ranching in the flood plains of South America. A. True B. False - correct answer False Bos taurus and Bos indicus animals were believed to have been domesticated from the auroch (Bos primigenius) about 2000 to 3000 years ago. A. True B. False - correct answer False Man has been unsuccessful in domesticating the Musk ox due to their inability to meet the reproductive criteria for controlled environments. A. True B. False - correct answer True A domestic animal is one that has been bred in captivity for purposes of economic community profit where man has control over its breeding, organization of territory and food supply. A. True B. False - correct answer True Today, we could characterize the American Bison as an example of a truly domesticated animal since they are pack orientated. A. True B. False - correct answer False Man's first attempt at domestication of wild animals specifically the wolf began about 10,000 years ago with the dawn of agriculture. A. True B. False - correct answer False Domesticated animals express a higher degree of environmental appreciation than their wild counterparts. A. True B. False - correct answer False The use of fire by early H. Sapiens was an evolutionary advantage that provided warmth, protection and it allowed man to expand his diet to include plants that early ruminants could not digest. A. True B. False - correct answer True Humans are concentrate selectors & opportunistic omnivores that basically eat anything edible, plant or animal, with a dietary preference for high fiber and high energy plant products. A. True B. False - correct answer False The first animal to be domesticated by was the....? A. goat B. dog C. cow D. pig e. horse - correct answer Dog A common trait of domesticated animals is their ability to retain juvenile features of their ancestors into adulthood. This trait is most correctly identified as..... A. environment appreciation B. founder population adaptation C. neoteny D. juvenile behavioral adaptation E. submissive adaptation - correct answer Neoteny Which of these traits was not a characteristic of "domestication" that was observed by D. Belyaev in the Russian fox experiment? A. floppy ears B. tails rolled over their backs C. docile behavior and reduced flight D. addition of body pigmentation & loss of color patterns on their face E. licking and sniffing - correct answer Addition of body pigmentation & loss of color patterns on their face Please match a feed additive with a specific function or property of that additive. Question Items Match a. mold inhibitors (antifungals) - D b. antioxidants - D c. pellet binders - D d. feed flavors - C e. digestion modifiers - C f. metabolic modifies - C g. growth promotants - C h. drugs - B i. environmentally active substances - B j. pigmentation agents - A - correct answer Answer Items A. additives that modify consumer acceptance of animal products B. additive that modify animal health C. additives that modify feed intake, digestion, growth, FE, metabolism and performance D. additives that influence feed stability, feed manufacturing, and non-nutritive properties of feeds Feed additives are essential nutritive substances added to feeds to improve efficiency of feed utilization, encourage feed acceptance and are beneficial to the health and metabolism of the animal. A. True B. False - correct answer False Which of these feed additive agents would not be appropriate to treat auto oxidation of corn in an animal ration? A. ammonia B. Vitamin E C. Vitamin C D. BHT - correct answer Ammonia Ammonia is only a feed additive used to destroy alfatoxin but it can also be used by non-ruminants as a fermentable dietary nitrogen source for protein synthesis. A. True B. False - correct answer False Proprionic A is a VFA and a feed stabilizing additive used to inhibit fungi causing molds like alfatoxin, xearalenone and vomitoxin. A. True B. False - correct answer True Which of these responses is incorrect concerning the use of Bentonite and hemicellulose as a livestock feed additives. A. they increase feed density B. they decrease feed waste C. they decrease ADG & FE while increasing feed intake D. they facilitate feed automation and reduce dust - correct answer They decrease ADG & FE while increasing feed intake Beta-glucanase would most efficiently be utilized in sheep and cow rations that utilize barely and rye as a primary source of carbohydrates. A. True B. False - correct answer False Pentosanases hydrolyze NSPs' and improve the utilization of grains by swine and poultry. A. True B. False - correct answer True Which of these feed additives increase the availability of bound P in feed grains fed to swine? A. cellulases B. pentosanases C. Beta-glucanases D. phytases - correct answer Phytases Sodium bicarbonate will decrease rumenitis in cattle that are fed highly concentrated feeds. A. True B. False - correct answer True Fill in Multiple Blanks: [a] is caused by an accumulation of gas and stable foam in the rumen when animals are fed lush high protein forages that leads to gas formation from the rapid fermentation of [b]. - correct answer Answers for: a (case sensitivity) Bloat Answers for: b (case sensitivity) carbohydrates CHO sugar Sheep, cattle, pig and poultry producers are moving towards the use of Live Stock Specific antibiotics as growth promotants since the scientific community believes the subtherapeutic administration of feedlot antibiotics increases the risk of developing disease resistant strains of bacteria which could have implications for human health. A. True B. False - correct answer False The use of Ionophores as a cattle feed additive stimulates the increased production of proprionic A and decreases acetic A by gram + bacteria found in the rumen of cattle. A. True B. False - correct answer False Multiple Answer: From the list of choices. Please chose all the effects (more than one answer is possible) that feedlot use of ionophores will have on ruminants. A. reduces lactate acidosis B. improves feed conversion since acetic A produces more energy for ruminants than does proprionic A C. prevents coccidiosis D. has a positive effect on the environment by reducing methane production E. Reduces boat and emphysema F. improves carcass quality by increasing saturated FA production - correct answer Answer A. reduces lacate acidosis C. prevents coccidiosis D. has a positive effect on the environment by reducing methane production E. reduces boat and emphysema It is the goal of live feed producers to dramatically reduce the concentration of live microbes (e.g. , lactobacillus acidophilus & streptococcus faecium) in the feed of non-ruminants by adding subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics to their feed. A. True B. False - correct answer False The digestive physiology of an animal is closely related to their food selection, dietary strategies and the ability of the animal to derive nutritional benefit from a type of feed consumed by that animal. A. True B. False - correct answer True Swine and poultry are considered simple nonruminants while cattle, sheep and horses are ruminants that possess a rumen reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. A. True B. False - correct answer False Concentrate selectors, grazers and intermediate feeders are generally independent of dietary sources of AA's and most vitamins. However, this type of dietary independence does not exist for opportunistic omnivores. A. True B. False - correct answer True This type of animal chooses to consume the low fiber parts of the plant, has a smaller rumen and reticulum and because of this is at greater risk for being diagnosed with an intestinal impaction (FOS), it is best described as a....? A. grazer B. intermediate feeder C. non-ruminant herbivore D. concentrate selector - correct answer Concentrate selector Microbes in the hind gut of nonruminant herbivores are not subjected to digestion unless the animal practices coprophagy and through the consumption of cecotropes, these animals have access to microbial vitamin B. A. True B. False - correct answer True Cecal fermentors are generally smaller animals that have adapted to forage utilization without the encumbrance of carrying around internally a large mass of slowly digested fiber. A. True B. False - correct answer True From the standpoint of mammalian evolution of digestion, it is believed that compartmentalized digestive tracts dependent on pre-gastric fermentation utilizing bacteria and protozoa developed before non-ruminant herbivores that depend on cecum or colon fermentation. A. True B. False - correct answer False Large modern herbivores that graze continuously on low digestive quality grasses and fibrous plants that are present in limited amount are most likely to be hind gut fermentors. A. True B. False - correct answer False Rumen fermentation is done by anaerobic microbes like protozoa and bacteria. Generally, when the diet is high in grains, amylolytic bacteria will predominate over cellulolytic bacteria. However, a reversal in the predominance of the type of synthesized rumen bacteria occurs if the diet is high in forages. A. True B. False - correct answer True In ruminants producing VFA's, amylolytic bacteria primarily produce [a] while cellulolytic bacteria produce [b]. In the answer responses, a = first word and b = second word A. acetic A, butyric A B. proprionic A., acetic A. C. acetic A, proprionic A. D. proprionic A., butyric A. - correct answer proprionic A., acetic A. Whether or not a ruminant is fed a grain vs. forage fed diet, the rumen VFA that is most efficiently utilized for energy production is proprionic A. A. True B. False - correct answer True For the for foreseeable future, the ruminant conversion of cellulose by amylase will be the only feasible method of converting glucose in plant fiber into human food. Biotechnology has not developed a more efficient process than the ruminant digestive tract for plant to human energy conversion. A. True B. False - correct answer False Multiple Answer: Please identify all the factors below which will affect the type of diet that an animal consumes or its dietary habits. (There may be more than one correct answer) A. the animal's taste perception B. the gender of the animal C. the animal's dentition D. the animal's gastrointestinal tract E. the animal's vitamin, trace mineral and FA needs F. the animal's need for cholesterol and NH3 - correct answer Answers A. the animal's taste perception C. the animal's dentition D. the animal's gastrointestional tract The modern human has a preference for what type of diet? List all the factors that would apply to answer this question. A. high in minerals B. high in protein C. high in vitamins D. high in energy E. high in fat F. low in fiber g. high in fiber - correct answer Answers B. high in protein D. high in energy E. high in fat F. low in fiber Please identify all the metabolic functions that cholestrol participates in a mammal's body. (there could be more than 1 correct answer) A. cell membrane formation B. adrenocortical hormore production C. protein hormone production D. sex steroid hormone production E. absorption of minerals across the brush boarder of the gut F. B vitamin production G. bile acid formation H. AA incorporation into muscle mass I. fat soluble vitamin synthesis J. supports the health of the immune system - correct answer Answers A. cell membrane formation B. adrenocortical hormone production D. sex steroid hormone production E. absorption of minerals across the brush boarder of the gut G. bile acid formation A plant based vegetarian diet will meet all the nutritional needs of man? A. True B. False - correct answer False Meat and other animal products as components of the human diet cannot be justified on the grounds that they are nutritionally essential. A. True B. False - correct answer True For non-ruminants, protein quality really refers to the balance of essential AA's present in that protein. Hence, milk and eggs are almost a perfect source of protein for swine. A. True B. False - correct answer True Osteoporosis in mammals occurs when mobilization of bone minerals exceeds the redepodition rate. However it is believed that high dietary Ca++ may suppress calcitriol and increase the incidence of osteoporosis in Western societies. A. True B. False - correct answer True It is believed that ruminant fat found in Meat and Milk contain various cis-trans isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. The main CLA compound in meat and milk that has anti cancer and atherosclerosis properties is rumenic acid. A. True B. False - correct answer True The consumption of milk has been associated with the elevation of serum cholesterol in humans (i.e. it is a hypercholesterolemic factor). A. True B. False - correct answer False The consumption of fermented milk products have been demonstrated to protect humans against breast cancer. A. True B. False - correct answer True Milk fat contains sphingomyelin and butyric acid and which inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. A. True B. False - correct answer True Swine and poultry have the ability to extract B-carotene and B-ionone from alfalfa and gossypol from cottenseed. These dietary compounds are concentrated in their meat and are known to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. A. True B. False - correct answer False For humans, the protein obtained from plants is slightly more digestible than the protein found in meat. This is why a plant based vegetarian diet is more healthy than a meat based diet. A. True B. False - correct answer False Animal protein is required by humans since we can not meet our essential AA requirements from plant sources. Hence, while humans maybe considered opportunistic omnivores, realistically we must be meat eating carnivores to survive. A. True B. False - correct answer False Multiple Answer: Meat is a good source of the following nutrients? (note, one or more answer maybe checked) A. carbohydrates B. Zn C. Calcium and phosphorus D. Se (if raised on high Se soils) E. Fat and cholesterol F. heme Fe G. B complex vitamins like thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin and cyanocobalamin H. vitamin C I. vitamin A, D, E & K J. Vitamin D - correct answer Answers B. Zn D. Se (if raised on high Se soils) E. Fat and cholesterol F. heme Fe G. B complex vitamins like thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin and cyanocobalamin Because of the organic phytates found in meat that bind Co, Zn and P, plant Zn has a higher bioavailability than meat derived Zn. A. True B. False - correct answer False Fill in Multiple Blanks: Most FA's in dietary and body fats have [a] (odd or even) # of C's and are [b] (long or short) chain FA's. - correct answer Answers for: a (case sensitivity) even Answer for: b (case sensitivity) long Fill in Multiple Blanks: Please fill in the blanks (a & b) to complete this phrase using either scarcity or abundance. Unlike the rest of the animal kingdoms, humans are better equipped metabolically to cope with [a] than [b]. Hence we programmed to make bad decisions concerning our dietary choices. - correct answer Answers for: a (case sensitivity) scarcity Answers for: b (case sensitivity) abundance Which of these lipoproteins is considered "bad cholesterol"? A. chylomicrons B. VLDL C. LDL D. HDL E. VHDL - correct answer LDL Which of these lipoproteins will act as a cholestrol scavenger and remove free cholesterol from depots in artery walls and thus reduce the risk of arterioscierosis in humans? A. chylomicrons B. VLDL C. LDL D. HDL E. VHDL - correct answer HDL Fill in the Blank: An LDL/HDL of 5 would indicate that you are at ______ (lower or higher) risk for developing coronary heart disease in your lifetime? - correct answer Answer (case sensitivity) higher Multiple Answer: From the list below, please identify the major risk factors for coronary heart disease in humans. (there maybe more than one answer) A. high serum cholesterol and high LDL levels B. high serum cholesterol and high HDL levels C. high serum cholesterol and low LDL levels D. high serum cholesterol and low HDL levels E. diabeties mellitus F. obesity and high serum ferritin G. a premenopausal female with a Type B personality H. a cigerette smoking postmenopausal female with hypertension - correct answer Answers A. high serum cholesterol and high LDL levels D. high serum cholesterol and low HDL levels E. diabeties mellitus F. obesity and high serum ferritin H. a cigarette smoking postmenopausal female with hypertension Which of these saturated FA's is highest in beef and often elevates serum cholesterol? A. lauric A B. myristic A C. stearic A D. palmitic A - correct answer Palmitic A The body fat in ruminant animals has a higher content of polyunsaturated C16 & C18 FA's than most vegetable oils and most of these animal FA's will elevate serum cholesterol. A. True B. False - correct answer False In ruminants where some microflora synthesize trans unsaturated FA's, these FA's tend to behave as saturated FA's with respect to their cholesterolemic effects and ability to increase an individual's risk for CHD. A. True B. False - correct answer True The meat of wild ruminants is generally a healthier product since wild ruminants consume more grass and less grains than domestic ruminants and their fat has a lower content of long chain omega 3 and omega 6 PUFA's than found in the carcass fat of domestic ruminants. A. True B. False - correct answer False The presence of PUSFA's in meat lowers a human's risk for CHD and cancer. A. True B. False - correct answer False Studies indicate there is a high correlation in human corectal, breast and prostate cancer rates that are associated with a diet high in animal protein and polyunsaturated animal fats and low in fiber. A. True B. False - correct answer False In general even though we recognize the numerous health problems associated with over consumption in our society, our Western diet still proves that supernutrition retards and undernutrition accelerates the aging process. A. True B. False - correct answer False Roughage eaters or grazers have a feeding and digestive strategy based on the utilization of high fiber, low fat and high carbohydrate diets. A. True B. False - correct answer False For ruminants, microbial proteins using NPN as a fermentable N are generally first limiting in sulfur amino acids and lysine that should be complemented by bypass proteins. For non-ruminants, there are generally about 10 amino acids that are essential and will be limiting if they are not found in the diet. A. True B. False - correct answer True Rumen bacteria secreting amylase break down starch to release glucose and cellulase which converts cellulose to glucose units. A. True B. False - correct answer True Since the rumen is an anaerobic environment, bacteria can not use the Kreb's cycle or CAC (citric acid cycle) to reduce glucose to CO2 * HOH and ATP like non-ruminants. Hence the rumen bacteria use glycolysis to convert glucose into VFA's for ATP production. A. True B. False - correct answer True For non ruminants utilizing carbohydrates for their energy substrate, the term for gross energy minus fecal and urinary energy is digestible energy. A. True B. False - correct answer False Fill in Multiple Blanks: Beef has a darker color than pork because of its higher content of [a] and its pH will be [b] (higher or lower) than the pH for pork. - correct answer Answers for: a (case sensitivity) myoglobin Answers for: b (case sensitivity) higher A domesticated animal is usually a social animal that displays a dominance hierarchical social structure similar to that found in humans. A. True B. False - correct answer True Fill in Multiple Blanks: The body fat of ruminants tend to have a higher proportion of [a] (saturated or unsaturated) FA's than does the fat of nonruminants. These FA's have been associated with [b] (elevated or lower) blood cholesterol which in turn [c] (increases or decreases) human cardiovascular disease. - correct answer Answer for: a (case sensitivity) saturated Answers for: b (case sensitivity) elevated Answers for: c (case sensitivity) increases