AVS 268 Final Exam with correct answers 2024.

What is body condition scoring for? - correct answer Objective score system to determine body condition, evaluate overall muscle mass, and fat coverage of ribs, spine, hips What characteristics would indicate your dog is at a healthy weight? - correct answer Ribs are easily felt Stomach doesn't sag Waist is easily seen from above What characteristics would indicate your dog is overweight? - correct answer ribs are difficult to feel under fat stomach sags and you can grab a handful of fat back is broad and flat waist is barely visible or absent What were the statistical trends seen with overweight dogs? - correct answer Small breed dogs are more likely to be obese, but magnitude of obesity increased with dog size(how overweight they were) smaller breed dogs are more successful at losing weight than large breed dogs By how many years does excess weight decrease dog and cat life expectancy? - correct answer Excess weight reduces dog and cat life expectancy by two years (on average) Based off owners answers what were important in picking pets food, in order? - correct answer 1. Pet health 2. Affordability 3. Pet likes the food 4. Quality 5. Protein as #1 ingredient What do energy requirements depend on? - correct answer depend on life stageand activity level What is RER? - correct answer resting energy requirements What is the equation for RER? - correct answer 70(body weight in kg)0.75 What is RER multiplied by? - correct answer RER is multiplied by factors to account for life stage and activity What are the categories of life stages for pet food formulation? - correct answer gestation/lactation: pregnant and lactating females growth: growing puppies/kittens (breed variations) maintenance: adult animals not reproducing all life stages: meets nutritional needs for growth. Likely too high in fat, sodium, and protein for older pets at 'maintenance' even if fed correct amount of calories What is the scientific name for a wildcat? - correct answer felis silverstris What are essential amino acids that wildcats and domestic cats cannot make? - correct answer cannot make any arginine or taurine (essential amino acids for metabolic pathways)- MUST get these from the die Why are vegetarian or vegan diets life threatening for cats? - correct answer because they cannot produce arginine or taurine so they need to get from meat diet What is the scientific name for wolf? - correct answer canis lupus Do wolves always need essential amino acids from diet? - correct answer no they can synthesize some What about wolves hunting/eating habitats indicates they can synthesize some of their essential amino acids? - correct answer their diet is very inconsistent because their prey changes seasonally How did the dogs get the genes for starch metabolism? - correct answer selection took place during domestication so dogs would be able to eat human leftovers Who is the AFFCO and what do they do? - correct answer association of American feed control officials they are a voluntary association they regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds *define ingredients in pet food and animal food* What is the AAFCO statement?* - correct answer Used to identify complete(product contains all the nutrients required for that species and life stage) and balanced(nutrients are present in correct ratios for that species and life stage) pet food products What are percentages based on in a guaranteed feed analysis rather than dry matter? - correct answer are on "as-fed" basis How much moisture is in canned dog food usually? - correct answer 78-82% moisture Approximately how much canned food do dogs need to eat to get the same amount of nutrients from dry food? - correct answer 4-5x the volume, there are higher amounts of nutrients in dry food compared to canned food because of the moisture content What is rendering in terms of by-products or co-products? - correct answer rendering is heat and pressure cooking applied to eliminate harmful bacteria What is the AAFCO definition of meat ? - correct answer muscle which is skeletal, part found in the tongue, diaphragm, heart or in the esophagus Does meat include bone? - correct answer no What is meat by-product as defined by AAFCO? - correct answer parts other than muscle tissue, like kidneys, livers, fatty tissue, udders. but does not include hair, horns, teeth and hooves What is poultry? - correct answer flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of poultry What are examples of poultry by-products? - correct answer heats, feet, viscera, heart, gizzard, liver What is "meal"? - correct answer in addition to cooking (rendering), the products are ground to form uniform-sized particles What is meat meal? - correct answer rendered product from mammal tissues What is meat and bone meal? - correct answer rendered product from mammal tissues but it includes bone What is poultry meal? - correct answer rendered product from combo of clean flesh and skin with or without bone What is poultry by-product meal? - correct answer are ground, rendered parts of carcass of slaughtered poultry What are the FDA's regulations on raw diets for pets? - correct answer regulates labeling but no regulation on quality control/ingredient/sourcing/inspection What are the health risks associated with raw diets? - correct answer there are nutrient drifts, and bacterial contamination What is a nutrient drift? - correct answer What are the most common symptoms of food allergies? - correct answer itchy skin, belly, toes/feet, and ears What are dogs and cats most commonly allergic to? - correct answer dogs: beef, chicken, and dairy cats: beef, fish, and dairy What is toxicology? - correct answer study of disease produced by a toxicant, evaluation and characterization of toxins, determination of toxin fate in the body; treatment of toxicosis What is toxicosis? - correct answer disease produced by a toxin What is a toxin? - correct answer poison produced by a biologic source(venom, plant toxins) What is a toxicant? - correct answer toxic substance produced by humanactivity (lead, antifreeze) What toxic effects dependent on? - correct answer dose dependent, A dose may cause undetectable, therapeutic, toxic, or lethal effects Where are toxins agents excreted? - correct answer in the urine via kidneys What is theobromine? - correct answer is toxic compound (high in dark chocolate/baking chocolate, extremely low in white chocolate) How are toxic effects generally treated? - correct answer identify source and prevent further exposure, induce vomiting, give activated charcoal or antidote if known, IV fluids to flush kidneys, supportive care(anti-seizure meds, vitamin K for anticoagulant) What are the symptoms of chocolate toxicity in canines? - correct answer moderate tremors, diarrhea, vomiting, hyperactivity to seizures and irregular heartbeat What is tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)? - correct answer is toxic compound to dogs Why are dogs so sensitive to THC compared to humans? - correct answer dogs have more receptors than humans so sensitive to small amounts, rarely fatal What are some symptoms of cannabis toxicity in dogs and what causes variation? - correct answer hyperactivity, drowsiness, tremors, seizures, vomiting, dribbling urine, vary depending on exposure What does ibuprofen cause if fed to dogs and cats? - correct answer causes gastric ulcers and kidney failure in dogs and cats What are some symptoms of ibuprofen toxicity? - correct answer vomiting(blood sometimes), innapetance, lethargy, causes GI ulceration and can process to kidney failure What does giving acetaminophen(Tylenol) to dogs and cats cause? - correct answer causes liver failure in dogs and cats but cats are especially sensitive What are some symptoms of acetaminophen toxicity? - correct answer vomiting, inappetence, lethargy, cats drool and can have facial swelling What is xylitol? - correct answer is a sugar substitute/artificial sweetener What does xylitol do in dogs? - correct answer stimulates pancreas to release large amt of insulin, so causes extreme hypoglycemia, if animals recover can still have liver failure What species are not sensitive to xylitol? - correct answer humans, cats, ferrets, horses What are rodenticides and how do they kill? - correct answer used to kill rodents are anticoagulants What is an anticoagulant? - correct answer cause problems with clotting factors and can result in internal bleeding and death in dogs and cats What are some symptoms of rodenticides toxicity? - correct answer inappetence, lethargy, pale gums, cough/breathiing difficulty What is cyanobacteria and why is it harmful? - correct answer type of bacteria that live in algae blooms in nutrient rich warm water in summer, they are harmful because they produce toxins What species is cyanobacteria harmful to? - correct answer humans, pets, livestock, wildlife What do you do to remove the cyanobacteria from the animals fur? - correct answer bathe What happens to cats that have been exposed to permethrin and pyrethrin? - correct answer causes seizures, high fevers, and respiratory distress in cats How can cats be exposed to permethrin and pyrethrin? - correct answer accidental exposure in environment(sprayed barn with insecticide incorrect flea/tick medication What should you do to remove the permethrin or pyrethrin from cats fur? - correct answer bathe What plant causes kidney failure in cats? - correct answer Lillies the entire plant and water in a vase is toxic What are some other plants that cause irritation to dogs and cats if ingested? - correct answer daffodil, poinsettia, and snake plants What are the most common causes of trauma in dogs and cats? - correct answer hit by a car, falling from truck or ATV, fights with other dogs/cats, falling What are the ABC's for initial stabilization in trauma cases? - correct answer airway, breathing, circulation, control bleeding, pain relief What are some things you can do at home to treat trauma cases? - correct answer control bleeding-apply pressure, prevent movement, rinse wounds with warm water call vet for specific recommendations on the way to vet According to a 2016 study what percent of US households owned at least one exotic pet? - correct answer 13% What is the number one reason for health issues in owning exotic pets? - correct answer improper husbandry What is the most common exotic pet? - correct answer fish then reptiles What things should you consider before getting an exotic pet? - correct answer is it legal in your state/city, what is the normal behavior for the exotic pet(can household support like digging), do you have the time and finances available to take care of this pet What are some exotic pets that are recommended for average pet owners? - correct answer freshwater fish, cockroaches/tarantuals, snakes, geckos, rats, mice, hamsters, canaries, parakeets What is meant by husbandry in taking care of exotic pets/examples? - correct answer having the right food, right environment/living area(lighting, surfaces, temp. and humidity), correct amt. of interaction(socialization, enrichment, toys) What are some common husbandry practices for reptiles? - correct answer need specific temp., humidity, light, substrate, food, water What can happen if the temp. for a reptile is not at their daily high temp.? - correct answer too cold can cause problems with metabolism, need large cage to provide temp. gradient(hot and cooler places), rule of thumb is to get largest tank possible for gradient What is needed to provide temp for reptiles and what should you avoid? - correct answer need heat provided with heat light bulb or sub take heating pad avoid hot rocks because can accidentally burn the animals What can happen if the humidity is not right for reptiles? - correct answer too dry can have problems shedding, stuck skin can wrap and cause loss of blood supply if it is too damp can lead to bacterial infections Do reptiles have diaphragms and what is this? - correct answer no they do not have diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest cavity and abdomen, allows mammals to take air into lungs Why do reptiles have a high risk of respiratory infections? - correct answer they don't have a diaphragm, so can't cough or clear debris or mucus out of their lungs What is a substrate? - correct answer material that lines the bottom of the habitat Why should owners be careful about what kind of substrate they use? - correct answer the animals can become impacted(eat the material then stomach and intestines become full of material that does not move) How should water and food be handled in reptiles? - correct answer clean water daily because reptiles tend to defecate in the water food is species appropriate and in enough quantity What do pet birds generally eat? - correct answer varies depending on species but usually commercial diet as well as fruit and vegetables How many hours of social interaction to pet birds need daily? - correct answer around 4hrs What is feather plucking in birds? - correct answer overgrooming of feathers so look bald, or can be extreme and go to self mutilation What are some causes for feather plucking in birds? - correct answer malnutrition/nutritional imbalances, behaviors-anxiety/no socialization, medical condition(itchy skin from allergies, low humidity, or parasites) What are some solutions to feather plucking? - correct answer evaluate food and feeding, more socialization, 12 hours light and 12 hours dark, address underlying issues(allergies, humidity, and parasites) How long do birds generally live for? - correct answer most live for over 10 years Do birds outlive their owners? - correct answer yes be sure to put them in your will What is the lifespan for pocket pets and rabbits? - correct answer 1.5 years for hamsters and 7-10 for rabbits What are some common mistakes in taking care of pocket pets? - correct answer not cleaning habitat frequently leads to ammonia buildup which then leads to respiratory disease What are some husbandry basics with pocket pets and rabbits? - correct answer need long-stemmed roughage(hay) and pelleted feed and vegetables, no cedar shavings(TOXIC), clean cage frequently, prevent being dropped, escaping, chewing cords What are some things rodents need for their housing/shouldn't have? - correct answer solid bottom habitat with deep bedding to burrow, nocturnal so get wheel to do at night, avoid wire bottomed cages and wheels with gaps, no modular habitats(plastic tubes), no glass because poor ventilation What are some characteristics about Syrian hamsters or golden hamsters? - correct answer are wild and are now endangered, they live around for 2-3 years and have gold reddish born fur What are some characteristics about the Russian or dwarf hamster? - correct answer live 1.5-2 years, they are usually grey but can have variations, native to Europe/Western Asia Why do hamsters need a solid bottom habitat with deep bedding? - correct answer to burrow What happens if hamsters are housed together and what happens when females are stressed? - correct answer will fight if housed together, and females will eat young if stressed or cold What are scent glands? - correct answer dark hairless patch on sides of hips What are some common health issues for hamsters? - correct answer respiratory disease from not cleaning cage, cancer in older animals, cheek pouches can get impacted where food gets stuck and cause infection What is wet tail? - correct answer a bacterial infection, causes diarrhea in young animals and is usually fatal, makes tail wet from stool How long do rats usually live? - correct answer live for 2-3 years Are rats happier housed together or separate? - correct answer happier when housed in small groups What are some health issues rats are at risk to? - correct answer prone to obesity, tail injuries, and older animals can get cancer How long do mice usually live for? - correct answer around 2-3 years How should you house rats? - correct answer house separately or keep two females together What are some health issues rats are prone to? - correct answer heat stroke, tail injuries How long do gerbils usually live for? - correct answer live 2-3 years How should you house gerbils? - correct answer separately will fight if housed together What are some health issues gerbils are prone to? - correct answer prone to obesity, prone to epilepsy and seizures when stressed How long do guinea pigs usually live for? - correct answer live 4-8 years What vitamin can guinea pigs not produce? - correct answer vitamin c so need a dietary source What should you avoid feeding guinea pigs? - correct answer avoid kale and spinach because the high calcium can increase the risk of bladder stones and fresh fruits to prevent obesity How should you house guinea pigs? - correct answer happiest when housed in pairs What do female guinea pigs have a risk for if they are older than eight months? - correct answer dystocia, pelvis becomes mineralized and cannot give birth vaginally How long do rabbits usually live for? - correct answer live for 6-12 years What is malocclusion in rabbits? - correct answer misaligned teeth, need trimmed every 6 months, hereditary, do not breed Rabbits are at a high risk for what? - correct answer heat stroke sensitive to temps, over 80 degrees Fahrenheit How long do chinchillas live for? - correct answer 10-20 years What are some characteristics of chinchillas? - correct answer nocturnal, social, need to take dust baths 2-3 times per week What are some common birds of backyard poultry? - correct answer chickens, ducks, geese What is defined as backyard poultry by the USDA? - correct answer less than 1000 per flock What is the lifespan of backyard chickens and how long do they usually lay eggs? - correct answer usually 5-10 years, most hens lay eggs for 1-4 years At what age do chickens start laying eggs? - correct answer at about 6 months old, may not lay during winter What are baby chicks? - correct answer chicks What are younger female chickens and young male chickens? - correct answer are pullets and the young ones are cockerels What are adult female chickens called and what are adult male chickens called? - correct answer adult females are hens adult males are cockerels What are dwarf breed chickens referred to? - correct answer bantams What are composite breed or hybrids popular for? - correct answer for high production egg laying, shorter lifespan What are heritage breeds often used for? - correct answer dual purpose eggs and meat What is a sex-linked chicken? - correct answer feather color is inherited based on X and Y chromosomes in certain(not all!) breeds What is the USDA National Poultry Improvement Plan? - correct answer (NPIP), is a voluntary testing and certification program to reduce the incidence of salmonella organisms in hatching eggs, chicks, and poults What does the NPIP test test for? - correct answer salmonella pullorum and gallinarium bacteria, mycoplasma, and avian influenza What are some things to look for when choosing chickens? - correct answer make sure they are bright, alert, and active no debris on butt no oral or nasal discharge sleek, soft, feathers How long should you quarantine new birds? - correct answer for 30 days before mixing with other birds What is a brooder? - correct answer a box or enclosure with heat lamp on one en, food and water in the middle How does the chickens movement indication if the brooder is too hot or too cold? - correct answer too cold huddled to lamp, too hot all way from lamp, just right is evenly dispersed How should you house chickens? - correct answer provide safe, sturdy housing, protection from predators, provide different roost levels in shelter and outside in run, also give nest boxes or laying boxes that are easy to clean(1 per hen+1 extra), good ventilation Does medicated mean the product contains antibiotics or not? - correct answer no it does not mean it contains antibiotics What do medicated feeds contain? - correct answer anti-protozoal medication to recude coccidia parasites that can cause fat diarrhea in young chiks Are medicated feeds recommended? - correct answer yes What hope of food is recommended for adults? - correct answer layer crumbs or pellets for adults What is scratch? - correct answer combo of cracked and whole grains such as corn, wheat, barley and sunflower seeds Is scratch a complete balanced feed? - correct answer no What is bumble foot? - correct answer is staphylococcus bacterial infection in spinoff foot-splinter or small puncture or cut in the skin causes bacteria to enter What is scaly leg? - correct answer scaly leg mites are extremely tiny, they go under the skin on chickens and legs and feet