N5315 Test 2 Questions with Complete Solutions
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - can use urine, saliva, or serum (most
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood flow
to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines - Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory process.
Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition
for singular.
,Prostaglandins - Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the
arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
Chemotactic factors - Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of
inflammation
Neutrophils - Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute
inflammation
Monocytes - Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for presenting
antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and also
increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and promotes
growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory proteins
by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
, Cytokine growth factor function - Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Complement - Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin - Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and chemotaxis, and it
increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Coagulation cascade - Factor XII activates kinin. Function is to form fibrin mesh to stop
bleeding and trap micro organisms.
COX1 - Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides gastroprotection, platelet
aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
COX2 - Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for pain, fever, renal
protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications - Protect gastric mucosa- prevent ulcers and
bleeding. Removed from market r/t cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can impair renal
function , monitor labs.
Arachidonic pathway purpose - Synthesis of prostaglandins
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - can use urine, saliva, or serum (most
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood flow
to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines - Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory process.
Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition
for singular.
,Prostaglandins - Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the
arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
Chemotactic factors - Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of
inflammation
Neutrophils - Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute
inflammation
Monocytes - Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for presenting
antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and also
increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and promotes
growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory proteins
by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
, Cytokine growth factor function - Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Complement - Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin - Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and chemotaxis, and it
increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Coagulation cascade - Factor XII activates kinin. Function is to form fibrin mesh to stop
bleeding and trap micro organisms.
COX1 - Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides gastroprotection, platelet
aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
COX2 - Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for pain, fever, renal
protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications - Protect gastric mucosa- prevent ulcers and
bleeding. Removed from market r/t cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can impair renal
function , monitor labs.
Arachidonic pathway purpose - Synthesis of prostaglandins
