Human Development Midterm Latest Version Graded A+

Human Development Midterm Latest Version Graded A+ psychoanalytic theory a theory of human development that holds irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior operant conditioning the learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired or by something unwanted (aka instrumental conditioning) nurture a general term for all the environment influences that affect development after an individual is conceived nature a general term for the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception mirror neurons cells in an observers brain that responds to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action longitudinal research a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed life-span perspective an approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood independent variable in an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable (aka experimental variable) experiment a research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause and effect relationship between 2 variables ethnic group people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion epigenetic referring to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's, or a species, genetic inheritance ecological-systems approach the view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life dynamic-systems theory a view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including family and society difference-equals-deficit error the mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard developmental theory a group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth. a developmental theory provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development dependent variable in an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds. in other words, the dependent variable depends on the independent variable cross-sequential research a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow those groups over years cross-sectional research a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics critical period a time when a particular type