CRJS 370-Athabasca Questions & Answers Already Passed!!

Bifurcated - Answer-divided into two branches; forked Child Savers - Answer-Nineteenth-century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than with their welfare. Crime Control Model of Criminal Justice - Answer-An orientation to criminal justice in which the protection of the community and the apprehension of offenders are paramount Cycle of Juvenile Justice - Answer-refers to the tendency toward a never-ending cycle of juvenile justice reform common in western society decontextualized - Answer-not relying on the immediate context, or setting, to convey content Demographics - Answer-the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender. denied adulthood - Answer-Refers to the notion that youth, because of their legal dependency in Western society, are prevented from attaining the things that many adults take for granted, such as the right to make decisions about their own lives and the right to express their views Limited accountability justice model - AnswerMoral Panic - Answer-The reaction by a group of people based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior official crime - Answer-offender and offence data based on information collected for administrative purposes by justice agencies, such as the police, courts, and correctional institutions parens patriae - Answer-power of the state to act on behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parentPenal Populism - Answer-Corrections policies that are formulated in pursuit of political objectives, often in the absence of an informed public or in spite of public opinion politics of youth crime - Answer-The mechanisms and methods whereby youth activities are socially constructed as criminal; the meanings and imagery attached to these definitions and the types of responses they generate Problematize - Answer-a process whereby something, someone, or some group is defined as a problem reformatory - Answer-correctional institution for the detention and discipline and training of young or first offenders Reintegration - Answer-A goal of corrections that focuses on preparing the offender for a return to the community unmarred by further criminal behavior. Status offences - Answer-actions prohibited only to minors. acts that are considered illegal if committed by a person who has not attained adult status Principles of Rehabilitation - Answer-avoid aggravation, timing, compliance, individualism, specific sequencing, intensity, total patient welfare based juvenile justice system - Answer-a model of juvenile justice based on a rehabilitative philosophy youth crime - Answer-Crime committed by 10-17 year olds youth justice system - Answer-the part of the justice system that deals with young people adolescence-limited - Answer-onset or acceleration of delinquency after age 13 that does not persist into adulthoodandrogynous - Answer-having both male and female characteristics Anomie - Answer-a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness antisocial personality - Answer-a personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of conscience Care Ethics - Answer-The theory that attitudes like caring and sensitivity to context is an important aspect of the moral life chivalry hypothesis - Answer-The view that low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders. Classical School of Criminology - Answer-A set of criminological theories that uses the idea of free will to explain criminal behavior. Consensus theory - Answer-holds that individuals in a society agree on basic values, on what is inherently right and wrong and that laws express these values concept - Answer-a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people control theory - Answer-A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms. theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society criminal event - Answer-factors that influence the decision to commit a specific crime. in rational choice theory, decisions about how, when, and where of a particular crime Criminalization - Answer-official definition of an act of deviance as a process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals. Decarceration - Answer-the practice of moving individuals from institutional settings into community facilities and programs. Process of releasing offenders from institutional facilities, primarily by closing those facilities. Reducing inmate populations Deconstruction - Answer-a type of critical postmodern analysis that involves taking apart or disassembling old ways of thinking. a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself." delinquent subculture - Answer-A group of delinquent peers who may influence an individual to commit criminal acts in order to receive approval from the group. This concept works in conjunction with control theory and may pull an individual toward delinquency. a value system adopted by lower-class youths that is directly opposed to that of the larger society developmental theory - Answer-Use of techniques specific to learners' developmental stages to determine readiness to learn, and to impart knowledge. A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth. A developmental theory provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development. Eugenics - Answer-the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities fact - Answer-A statement that can be proved. human ecology - Answer-the interconnections between human populations and the physical world. The area of study concerned with the interrelationships between people and their environment. Interactional Theory - Answer-the interaction of biological factors and experiences with the environment. a theoretical approach to exploring crime and delinquency that blends social control and social learning perspectives. Lifecourse Theory - Answer-the theory that children undergo a succession of role and status changes as they grow older oppression - Answer-the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. Patriarchy/Patriarchal - Answer-a society in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it Positivist Criminology - Answer-the second great theoretical movement in modern criminology, its method of analysis is based on the collection of observable scientific facts, and its aim is to uncover, to explain, and to predict the ways in which the observable facts of crime occur in uniform patterns. A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors. It argues that punishment should be tailored to the individual needs of the offender.. Criminal behaviour caused by biological, social, and psychological factors.Power - Answer-the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions power control theory - Answer-Holds that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a function of class differences and economic conditions that influence the structure of family life. a criminological theory that maintains that the structure of gender relations within the family explains gender differences in the crime rate role theory - Answer-a behavioral model of politics based on the assumption that human beings have a psychological need for predictability in their relations with each other. a theory that hypnotized people act in accordance with a special social role that provides a socially acceptable reason to follow the hypnotist's suggestions Semiotics - Answer-the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation Social Bond Theory - Answer-holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken. social capital - Answer-the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for differences, which grow out of participation in voluntary organizations. Social Capital Theory - Answer-the relationships and structures within a community, such as civic participation, networks, norms of reciprocity, and trust, that promote cooperation of mutual benefit. behavior is influenced by who we know and how we know themsocial learning theory - Answer-we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. Bandura's view of human development; emphasized interaction the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished social order - Answer-the way we organize and live our collective lives. a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives. Theory - Answer-an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events strain theory - Answer-Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals