Basic Clinical Pharmacology Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated

Basic Clinical Pharmacology Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated Clinical Pharmacology ? - answerThe study of the effects of drugs in humans. A drug substance is used to... - answerTREAT disease, RELIEVE symptoms of disease, or CURE the disease 3 Principal components of Clinical Pharmacology? - answerPharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Drug Delivery System PHARMACODYNAMICS - answerThe study of the effects of drugs on the body and their mechanisms of action. Therapeutic Effect - answerAn INTENDED effect of the drug -an effect to treat or or prevent a disease, or relieve its symptoms Clinical Effect - answerThe effect of a drug on a patient AKA: Drug Effect Non-Therapeutic Effects - answerEffects which may or may not be related to a drugs therapeutic effects -Adverse Effects / Side Effects Mechanism of Action - answerThe way a drug exerts its effect Mechanism of Action related to Drug Effect - answerNarcotic analgesic produces analgesia by STIMULATING the cells that reduce pain transmission -Drug stimulates cell which is mechanism -Reduced pain is the effect Receptor - answerThe specific site at which an individual drug molecule acts to produce a pharmacological effect. How do drugs interact with receptors? - answerThe drug reacts with a receptor that triggers or blocks a biological activity. Receptors (Agonist) - answerThey "turn on" or trigger a response or biological activity Receptors (Antagonist) - answerThey "turn off" or block a response, or biological from the drug Pharmacokinetics - answerDescribes how the body effects a drug including how the drug is ABSORBED into the bloodstream, DISTRIBUTED to tissues and fluids, METABOLIZED, and EXCRETED from the body. 4 Processes that comprise pharmacokinetic handling of a drug by the body - answerAbsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion -All 4 processes occur simultaneously Absorption - answerThe transfer of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream. -Rate of absorption plays an important role in determining the amount of drug in the blood, or its effectiveness Oral Drug (Absorption) - answer-Is not as simple as other methods -Must overcome numerous barriers before it can absorbed into the blood -FIRST, must withstand acidity of stomach -SECOND, Resist destruction by bacteria and enzymes within the small intestine and survive metabolism as it is absorbed through the gut lining -LAST, drugs must pass through portal circulation before reaching the systemic circulation Portal Circulation - answerCarries blood and its contents to the liver as a part of the body's filtering mechanism. First-Pass Effect / First-Pass Metabolism - answer-Enzymes in the liver metabolize a portion of the drug dose before it ever reaches the systemic circulation -Can substantially limit the extent of absorption of many oral drugs by reducing the amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation. -It reduces the amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation. Other factors of Oral Drug Absorption Pt.1 - answerAmount of drug administrated at one time (dose) -Larger doses are absorbed faster Drug Formulations