Microbiology Exam 1 study guide answers Quizzes Answered Correctly!!

Microbiology Exam 1 study guide answers Quizzes Answered Correctly!! What is the definition of microbiology? is the study of microorganisms and their activities. In addition, it also is the study of small living things. Microorganisms are those organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye and include things like bacteria, fungi, and viruses. What kinds of organisms do microbiologists study? Microbiologists study microorganisms. Microbiologists may specialize in the study of different groups of microorganisms. The kinds of organisms microbiologists study include: Bacteria Fungi Protists Viruses Bacteriology the study of bacteria often broadly designated as Microbiology Mycology the study of fungi Protozoology study of protozoa Virology study of viruses What are three properties of all microbial cells? Metabolism Growth Evolution Evolution Cells evolve to display new properties. Phylogenetic trees capture evolutionary relationships. Growth Nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells. Metabolism Cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes. chemical transformation of nutrients. the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell. What are four properties of some microbial cells that we discussed in lecture? Differentiation Communication Genetic Exchange Motility Genetic exchange Cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms. Communication Cells interact with each other by chemical messengers. Differentiation Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore. Motility Self-movement Some cells are capable of self-propulsion. What is the 3-domain system? The 3-domain system is a system for classifying biological organisms and they include: Bacteria (prokaryotic) Archaea (prokaryotic) Eukarya (eukaryotic) Domains: three distinct lineages of microbial cells Who is the scientist responsible for developing the 3- domain system? Carl Woese Why is this gene useful for developing a phylogenetic tree of life? Phylogenetic tree: depicts phylogeny (evolutionary history) of all cells •clearly shows three domains •Root is LUCA. •evolution along two paths to form Bacteria and Archaea •Archaea diverged to distinguish Eukarya. gene must be present in all organisms What is the marker gene used to develop the 3- domain system? rRNA (ribosomal RNA sequencing) Bacteria cell structure Usually single-celled • Majority have cell wall withpeptidoglycan • Most lack a membrane-boundnucleus • Ubiquitous and some live inextreme environments • Cyanobacteria producesignificant amounts of oxygen Arachea cell structure • Distinguished from Bacteriaby unique rRNA genesequences • Lack peptidoglycan in cellwalls • Have unique membrane lipids • Some have unusual metaboliccharacteristics • Many live in extremeenvironments What is the endosymbiont hypothesis? proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living bacteria that were engulfed by other microbes. Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from endosymbiont. Be able to correctly write out a bacteria species name. For example, Escherichia coliMust be italicized. Spelled out completely the fist time. first part uppercase and second part lowercase. After the first reference, first part can be abreviated. (ie E. coli) Who was the first person to directly observe microorganisms (yeast, fungi) ? Robert Hooke What kind of organism was engulfed to become the endosymbiont? bacteria What kind of organism did the engulfing? ancient archaea Who was the first person to directly observe bacteria? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (): first person to observe microorganisms accurately. first to describe bacteria (Figure 1.14) Robert Hooke (): published drawings of the fungus Mucor in his book, Micrographia, in 1665. first to describe microbes (Micrographia in 1665) illustrated the fruiting structures of molds (Figure 1.13) Louis Pasteur ()