Organic Chemistry Module 6 Exam Portage Questions & answers

Organic
Chemistry
Module
6
Exam
Portage
benzamide
Name
this
benzylamine
Name
this
to
turn
the
carbonyl
group
of
the
amide
into
a
methylene
group
(-CH2-).
The
effect
of
the
reduction
of
an
amide
with
LiAlH4
is??
True
True
or
False:
Nitriles
can
be
reduced
with
chemical
reducing
agents
(like
LiAlH4)
or
by
catalytic
hydrogenation
(H2
(g)/Ni)
to
primary
amines.
reductive
amination
Amines
can
be
synthesized
in
a
single
pot
by
treating
an
aldehyde
or
ketone
with
ammonia
(or
another
amine)
in
the
presence
of
a
reducing
agent.
This
reaction
is
known
as
a
_________ reductive
amination
In
laboratory
practice,
__________
is
the
preferred
method
for
the
synthesis
of
amines
(as
compared
to
direct
alkylation),
as
it
avoids
the
potential
for
polyalkylation
and
the
production
of
a
mixture
of
products.
amines,
amides,
and
nitriles.
Outside
of
the
halogens
and
oxygen,
inclusion
of
nitrogen
as
a
heteroatom
or
as
part
of
a
functional
grouping
creates
another
series
of
important
families
of
organic
molecules,
namely ,
____,
_____,
and
______
positive
Compounds
with
four
groups
attached
to
the
nitrogen
are
known
as
quaternary
amines
.
Based
on
the
rules
for
formal
charge,
the
nitrogen
atom
of
these
compounds
carries
a
_____
charge,
and
these
compounds
exist
as
salts
(quaternary
amine
cation
plus
an
anion).
sp3
What
is
the
nitrogen
hybridization
in
an
amine
the
electronic
geometry
is
tetrahedral,
and
the
molecular
geometry
is
trigonal
pyramidal
What
is
the
molecular
and
electrical
geometry
of
an
amine
108
The
bond
angles
of
amines
are
roughly____°,
which
is
very
close
to
the
ideal
geometry
of
109.5°
predicted
for
a
regular
tetrahedron.
the
lone
pair
of
electrons
on
the
nitrogen
atom.
The
chemistry
of
all
amines
is
dominated
by??
Ammonia
can
be
reacted
with
alkyl
halides
to
produce
amines
via
a
two-step
reaction.
The
first
step
involves
ammonia
acting
as
a
nucleophile
to
displace
a
halide
ion
via
an
SN2
reaction.
This
produces
an
alkylammonium
halide
salt
(quaternary
amine
and
halide
ion).
In
a
second
step,
sodium
hydroxide
(a
base)
is
added
to
deprotonate
the
alkylammonium
cation
to
produce
the
"free
base"
of
the
amine.
Describe
this
reaction
This
method
of
amine
synthesis
is
simple
and
has
the
advantage
that
any
subclassification
of
amines
(1°,
2°,
3°,
or
quaternary)
can
be
produced. A
distinct
disadvantage
to
this
method
is
that
no
reaction
stops
cleanly
after
a
single
alkylation.
Since
all
amines
can
be
alkylated,
the
amine
product
produced
in
each
reaction
can
be
further
alkylated.
All
amines
(1°,
2°,
3°)
have
roughly
the
same
reactivity ,
and
the
products
will
undergo
further
reaction,
yielding
a
mixture
of
products.
The
ideal
goal
in
a
synthesis
is
to
get
a
high
yield
of
a
single
(pure)
product.
Forming
a
mixture
of
products
lowers
the
overall
yield
of
the
desired
target
molecule
and
requires
separation
of
the
mixture
to
isolate
the
desired
compound
from
the
others.
**One
way
that
the
formation
of
the
desired
product
can
be
influenced
is
to
use
large
concentrations
of
the
ammonia
(or
amine)
to
be
alkylated.
Having
a
large
excess
of
reagent
helps
to
minimize
the
probability
of
reaction
between
a
product
amine
and
the
alkyl
halide,
which
would
result
in
polyalkylation.
What
is
an
advantage
and
disadvantage
for
the
Synthesis
of
Amines
by
Alkylation
of
Ammonia?
reduced
**One
approach
to
the
synthesis
of
amines
is
therefore
the
reduction
of
compounds
with
nitrogen
in
more
oxidized
forms.
The
nitrogen
atom
of
an
amine
is
in
a
______
state,
meaning
all
bonds
to
the
nitrogen
are
to
either
carbon
or
hydrogen.
Catalytic
hydrogenation
_________
uses
the
high
pressures
of
hydrogen
gas
in
conjunction
with
a
metal
catalyst,
such
as
nickel
or
platinum.
This
is
a
surface-catalyzed
reaction,
meaning
the
reactant
molecules
(H2
and
the
nitro
compound)
are
adsorbed
to
the
surface
of
the
metal
where
the
reduction
takes
place.
The
reduced
product
(amine)
then
desorbs
from
the
surface
of
the
metal
back
into
the
reaction
mixture
primary ,
secondary ,
or
even
tertiary
Depending
on
the
structure
of
the
starting
amide
that
is
reduced,
it
is
possible
to
produce
_____
amines
by
reduction.
The
reduction
of
a
nitrile
has
a
similar
effect
to
the
reduction
of
an
amide.
The
carbon
atom
of
the
cyano
group
is
converted
to
a
methylene
(-CH2-)
and
the
nitrogen
of
the
cyano
group
is
converted
into
an
-NH2.
How
are
nitriles
reduced
to
amines?