PSY 699 TEST BANK

• Question 1 Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? • Question 2 Articles that could be considered journalism: • Question 3 Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether an article is published in that scientific journal? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Nadia, the author of the article 2. The publisher of the journal 3. A panel of experts 4. The editor of the journal • Question 4 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Susan’s hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The theory may need to be amended. 2. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. 3. The theory is completely wrong. 4. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. • Question 5 RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Susan’s prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A theory 2. Data 3. • Question 6 A hypothesis 4. Research 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Recalculating her data to fit the theory 2. Writing a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory, because only some of her data supported it 3. Ignoring the data that did not fit the theory 4. Altering or amending the theory to fit her data • Question 7 Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James’ theory is much simpler than Thomas’. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Thomas’ theory would be considered better because it is more complex. 2. Thomas’ theory would be considered better because he thought of it first. • Question 8 3. James’ theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious. 4. James’ theory would be considered better because it was thought of more recently. 0 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms 2. Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated 3. Attending a psychological conference 4. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia • Question 9 Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? • Question 10 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Which of the following is an example of basic research? Selected [None Given] Answer: Answers: 1. An experimental psychologist who examines people’s ability to perceive a “sweet” taste 2. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused 3. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment 4. An educational psychologist who examines how mindset (“intelligence is innate” or “intelligence can be achieved”) affects academic performance Monday, May 9, 2016 10:21:57 PM EDT • Question 1 Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: • Question 2 Another word for hypothesis is a/an . • Question 5 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Occam’s razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory’s: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Theorizing 2. Falsifiability 3. Empiricism 4. Parsimony • Question 6 According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as: • Question 7 Which of the following is an example of applied research? 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept 2. An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds 3. A personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts 4. A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women • Question 8 is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Application 2. Empiricism 3. Falsifiability 4. Theorizing • Question 9 Students who are interested in being consumers of but not producers of research might choose all of the following professions EXCEPT: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. An FBI agent 2. A political pollster 3. A guidance counselor 4. An advertising executive • Question 10 All of the following are reasons psychological scientists publish their research EXCEPT: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. To share interesting findings 2. To get money from the journals where their work appears 3. To have their results reviewed by other psychologists 4. To provide evidence for a theory Monday, May 9, 2016 10:22:42 PM EDT 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points • Question 2 RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions. Deci and Ryan’s general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Research 2. A hypothesis 3. A theory 4. Data • Question 4 Which of the following people will likely NOT find it important to be a consumer of psychological research professionally? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. High school teachers 2. Sales representatives 3. Gardeners 4. Human resource managers • Question 6 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on all of the following EXCEPT: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The prestige/reputation of the author 2. How well the research was conducted 3. How important the results are 4. How interesting the research is • Question 7 0 out of 1 points All of the following are reasons that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine EXCEPT: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study 2. Journalists may oversimplify the study for their readers 3. Journalists are unethical 4. Journalists are working under strict publication deadlines • Question 8 Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching 0 out of 1 points patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Vinai’s study is an example of: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Empirical research 2. Translational research 3. Basic research 4. • Question 9 Applied research 0 out of 1 points Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Use reviewers from fields other than psychology 2. Increase the number of peer reviewers 3. Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers 4. Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown • Question 10 Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Translational research 2. Empirical research 3. Applied research 4. Basic research Monday, May 9, 2016 10:23:18 PM EDT • Question 4 Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women’s magazine. Which of the following would you tell her? 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Reading those magazines is just as good as reading the peer-reviewed journals. 2. Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings. 3. Peer-reviewed journals are much easier to read than magazines. 4. Stop reading those articles because they are never accurate. • Question 9 Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one’s partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A theory 2. Data 3. Research 4. A hypothesis • Question 10 Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? Monday, May 9, 2016 10:23:49 PM EDT • Question 2 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one’s partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. “The data prove my theory.” 2. “The data provide support for my theory.” 3. “My theory is generalizable.” 4. “The data complicate my theory.” • Question 3 Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? • Question 8 In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to . • Question 10 Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. “My theory needs amending.” 2. “My data is inconsistent with my theory.” 3. “I may need to collect more data.” 4. “My data disproves my theory.” Monday, May 9, 2016 10:24:21 PM EDT CH2 • Question 1 James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used 0 out of 1 points flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Cherry-picking evidence 2. Availability heuristic 3. Present/present bias 4. Asking biased questions • Question 2 Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Google Scholar does not allow you to search particular fields. 2. Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. 3. Google Scholar does not allow you to sort for peer-reviewed articles. 4. • Question 3 Google Scholar is not free to use. 0 out of 1 points When reading an empirical journal article “with purpose,” why should you read the abstract first? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Because it provides an overview of the article 2. Because it appears in PsycINFO 3. Because it is written by the journal’s editor 4. Because it is the shortest section • Question 4 Which of the following has the sections of an empirical journal article in the correct order? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References 2. Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References 3. Abstract, References, introduction, Results, Discussion 4. Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, abstract • Question 5 Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. There are no differences between scientific journals and popular magazines. 2. Scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines are published monthly. 3. • Question 6 Scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology. 4. Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not. 0 out of 1 points Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Cherry-picking of evidence 2. Confirmatory hypothesis testing 3. Overconfidence 4. The availability heuristic • Question 7 0 out of 1 points After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, “I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking but I never would.” What is Cyril experiencing? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Faulty intuition 2. Motivated thinking 3. Bias blind spot 4. Confirmatory hypothesis testing • Question 8 0 out of 1 points Which of the following is a benefit to using a wiki to conduct psychological research? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The page may not include a comprehensive list of references. 2. The page may include incorrect information. 3. It can be corrected quickly. 4. The wiki’s coverage of a topic is not always comprehensive. • Question 9 Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effects of childhood abuse on adult functioning. Which of the following scientific sources would NOT be an ideal source? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A chapter in an edited book 2. An empirical journal article 3. A meta-analysis 4. A review journal article • Question 10 Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: Monday, May 9, 2016 10:25:11 PM EDT • Question 2 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person’s attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A PsycWiki 2. A review journal article 3. A chapter in an edited book 4. A meta-analysis • Question 4 Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article? • Question 5 Psychological scientists may choose to publish their work in all of the following EXCEPT: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Popular magazines 2. Scientific journals 3. Edited books 4. Full-length books Question 7 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Of the options listed below, which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Method 2. Discussion 3. Results 4. Introduction • Question 9 Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Wikis 2. Full-length books 3. Chapters in edited books 4. Review journal articles • Question 10 Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The name of an article that researched a similar topic 2. An explanation of the statistical tests used 3. A list of the measures used in the study 4. An idea for a future study Monday, May 9, 2016 10:25:36 PM EDT • Question 1 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Overconfidence 2. Fourth cell reasoning 3. Availability heuristic 4. Cherry-picking of evidence • Question 2 RESEARCH STUDY 2.1 Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss (“don’t eat that food,” “you want to be thin”) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number Who Lost Weight Number Who Did Not Lose Weight Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell A) 15 people (Cell C) 5 people Not Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell B) 10 people (Cell D) 10 people Refer to Research Study 2.1 to answer the following two questions. To understand whether the subliminal messages have an effect, Charlotte needs to consider all of the following cells in the chart above EXCEPT: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Only Cell A 2. Only Cell C 3. She must consider all of the cells 4. Only Cell B • Question 3 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Research studies are superior to personal experience because: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. They avoid constants 2. They include at least one comparison group 3. They use confederates 4. An authority is involved • Question 4 Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study’s hypotheses or research questions? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Last paragraph of the Results section 2. Last paragraph of the introduction 3. First page of the article 4. First page of the Method section • Question 5 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. It searches only sources in psychology and related fields. 2. It is free. 3. It searches research scientists’ websites. 4. It can be done on any computer. • Question 7 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 2.1 Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss (“don’t eat that food,” “you want to be thin”) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number Who Lost Weight Number Who Did Not Lose Weight Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell A) 15 people (Cell C) 5 people Not Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell B) 10 people (Cell D) 10 people Refer to Research Study 2.1 to answer the following two questions. A change to which of the following cells will result in a different interpretation of the results of subliminal messages? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A change in Cell C only will result in a different interpretation. 2. A change in Cell B only will result in a different interpretation. 3. A change in Cell D only will result in a different interpretation. 4. A change in any cell will result in a different interpretation. • Question 9 A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Hypothesis 2. Comparison group that did not receive the drug 3. Psychotherapy to supplement the drug 4. Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms • Question 10 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months 2. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person 3. Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies 4. Counted up all the times she was nice in the past Monday, May 9, 2016 10:26:01 PM EDT • Question 1 0 out of 1 points Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction 2. The last paragraph of the introduction and the results section 3. The abstract and the Method section 4. The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion • Question 5 What is the problem with being swayed by a good story? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A good story is never the true explanation for a scientific finding. 2. Scientific findings never have commonsense explanations. 3. • Question 6 Good stories are not falsifiable. 4. A good story may not be supported by data. 0 out of 1 points When reading an empirical journal article “with purpose,” which two questions should you ask yourself as you read? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument? 2. What were the methods? and What are the results? 3. What research exists on this topic? and What research needs to be conducted to answer the question? 4. What is the hypothesis? and What are the explanations? • Question 2 The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: • Question 3 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, “Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines.” Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Science is based on empiricism. 2. The study did not properly define cell phone use. 3. The study has been replicated. 4. Science is probabilistic. • Question 5 Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Discussion 2. Results 3. Introduction 4. Method • Question 9 An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an: • Question 10 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points The problem with the availability heuristic is which of the following? Selected [None Given] Answer: Answers: 1. We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. 2. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. 3. We will never be right in our conclusions. 4. It keeps us from examining our own experience. Monday, May 9, 2016 10:26:56 PM EDT CH3 • Question 1 Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims? • Question 2 Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. He must conduct an experiment. 2. He must manipulate his two variables. 3. He must measure his two variables. 4. • Question 3 He must make a frequency claim first. 0 out of 1 points A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Rule of parsimony 2. The third-variable rule 3. The rule of temporal precedence 4. The rule of covariance • Question 4 0 out of 1 points Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. “Is at higher risk of” 2. “Suggests a change” 3. “Curbs” 4. “Seems to decrease” • Question 5 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Dr. Kang can make a causal claim that “emotion enhances memory” for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Reading the words occurred before recalling the words 2. There is a numeric difference between Groups A and B 3. He used a large number of participants 4. Dr. Kang treated Groups A and B identically except for the emotional word content • Question 6 Which of the following is an association claim? • Question 7 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Dr. Kang’s decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The temporal precedence of the study 2. The internal validity of the study 3. The covariance of the study 4. The external validity of the study • Question 8 RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Manish’s concern is addressing which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The study’s external validity 2. The study’s statistical validity 3. The study’s construct validity 4. The study’s internal validity • Question 9 Which of the following validities is NOT examined in all research claims? 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points • Question 10 Which of the following is NOT true of variables? Monday, May 9, 2016 10:27:41 PM EDT • Question 1 Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees that the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Negative association 2. Positive association 3. There is not enough information to answer this question 4. Zero association • Question 2 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Because he is a student, not a researcher 2. Because the claim is an association claim 3. Because the author of the study already did 4. Because he has not taken statistics yet • Question 3 0 out of 1 points Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The external validity of the study 2. The construct validity of the study 3. The internal validity of the study 4. The statistical validity of the study • Question 4 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The external validity of the study 2. The construct validity of the study 3. The statistical validity of the study 4. The internal validity of the study • Question 5 RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.” Refer to Research Study 3.2 to answer the following three questions. Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Causal claim 2. Frequency claim 3. Anecdotal claim 4. Association claim • Question 7 An independent variable is one that: 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points • Question 8 RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Female Engineering Majors’ Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 0 out of 1 points 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A constant 2. A variable’s level 3. A measured variable 4. A manipulated variable • Question 10 Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The participants 2. The researcher 3. The journalist 4. The peer reviewer Monday, May 9, 2016 10:28:12 PM EDT • Question 2 RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Clarissa’s concern is addressing which of the following? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The study’s statistical validity 2. The study’s internal validity 3. The study’s construct validity 4. The study’s external validity • Question 9 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.” Refer to Research Study 3.2 to answer the following three questions. Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Anecdotal claim 2. Frequency claim 3. Causal claim 4. Association claim CH 4 • Question 1 RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A prisoner 2. The prison warden 3. A criminal justice professor • Question 2 4. A prisoner advocate 0 out of 1 points Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Participants were harmed. 2. Participants were not treated respectfully. 3. Participants were not treated by actual doctors. 4. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group. • Question 3 A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as . Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. An IACUC 2. An AWA 3. An AIRB 4. An IRB • Question 4 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline’s IRB requires him to obtain written informed consent. Which of the following does Dr. Kline NOT need to include in his informed consent document? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. A statement of risks 2. A description of the study’s hypotheses 3. Everyday language 4. A list of procedures • Question 5 The American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines have principles and standards. Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. 3, 5 2. 5, 10 3. 3, 10 4. 3, 8 • Question 6 What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. 2. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. • Question 7 3. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing. 4. Confidential research collects participants’ names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants’ names. 0 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT true of the Belmont Report? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. It yielded three guiding principles of ethical research. 2. It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. 3. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. 4. It was created in 1976. • Question 8 RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The principle of beneficence 2. The principle of respect for persons • Question 9 3. The principle of integrity 4. The principle of justice 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe 2. Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception 3. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception 4. Whether his IRB will approve the use of deception • Question 10 In which of the following ways is an IACUC different from an IRB? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow. 2. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study. 3. IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. 4. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research. Monday, May 9, 2016 10:29:17 PM EDT • Question 1 RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kline recruit for his study? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Patients from Dr. Kline’s clinical psychology practice 2. Children from a local daycare center 3. People with a history of sleep deprivation 4. Students from a community college • Question 2 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The principle of respect for persons 2. The principle of integrity 3. The principle of beneficence 4. The principle of justice • Question 3 Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might include debriefing in their study? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. It allows researchers to make research an educational experience. 2. It prevents researchers from being sued. 3. It gives participants insight into the nature of psychological science. 4. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study. • Question 4 All of the following are true of IRBs in the United States EXCEPT: • Question 7 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kline’s study? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. He does need to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study. 2. He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study. 3. He does need to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous. 4. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. • Question 8 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kline is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. 2 2. 4 3. 6 4. 8 • Question 10 Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? Monday, May 9, 2016 10:29:41 PM EDT • Question 2 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Dr. Kline only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. 2. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception. 3. Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional. 4. During the debriefing, Dr. Kline only needs to tell the participants that there was deception. • Question 3 0 out of 1 points The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The principle of beneficence 2. The principle of respect for persons 3. The principle of justice 4. The principle of integrity • Question 4 Ethical decision making done by researchers can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT: 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Changing social norms 2. The possibility of additional grant funding • Question 5 3. Bad experiences of other researchers 4. Scientific discoveries 0 out of 1 points In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility 2. The principle of reliability and validity 3. The principle of honor and accountability/commitment 4. The principle of consent and honesty • Question 6 When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher. 2. The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain. 3. The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected. 4. The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected. • Question 8 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points Which of the following has NOT been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Animal researchers continue to reduce the number of animals needed for animal research. 2. Animal researchers are in favor of protecting and even enhancing animal welfare. 3. Animal research requires less research funding than human research. 4. Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans. • Question 9 RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline’s decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. The principle of beneficence 2. The principle of respect for persons 3. The principle of integrity 4. The principle of justice • Question 1 0 out of 1 points 0 out of 1 points RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. 2. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kline can actually study. 3. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. 4. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. • Question 2 When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Refinement 2. Reduction 3. Recycling 4. • Question 3 Replacement 0 out of 1 points The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Syphilis 2. Cancer 3. Smallpox 4. Tuberculosis • Question 5 RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study? 2. Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? 3. Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study? 4. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? • Question 3 Which of the following is true of students’ views of deception and harm in research studies? Selected Answer: [None Given] Answers: 1. Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. 2. Students can find deception to be stressful. 3. Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. 4. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing. CH5 • Question 1 RESEARCH STUDY 5.2 Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in