ANT100 EVO Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

ANT100 EVO Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Problems limiting development of theory of evolution: - Answer- 1. Lack of knowledge on age of earth -- Bishop Usher stated that Earth was created at 2:30pm of October 23rd, 4004 BC - it was accepted because it was too dangerous to disagree w/ the church 2. Religious concept of fixity of species -- Thought God placed all animals on Earth in their current forms 3. Lack of scientific method -- Many ideas/concepts based on singular observations/accounts of other travellers 4. Religious notion of separate creation for humans Carolus Linnaeus - Answer- Father of taxonomy Classified species on basis of physical appearances Georges-Louis Leclerc - Answer- Argued that Earth was 75,000 years old, not 6000 -- heresy Founded biogeography Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - Answer- Inheritance of acquired characteristics Said acquired traits were developed through use and could be lost through disuse, and this was passed on to future generations Issue is that somatic cells don't pass on genes to offspring Charles Darwin: - Answer- Natural selection!! Darwin's theory on Natural Selection: - Answer- All extant and extinct species share a common ancestry Natural selection is a process in nature resulting in survival and perpetuation of only those forms of life having certain favourable characteristics that enable them to adapt best to their enviornment Major weakness of Darwin's theory: No explanation on how characteristics are inherited Darwin believed in blended inheritance (in practice, this would cause a loss of variation) Alfred Russell Wallace: - Answer- Wrote to Darwin from Malaysia, describing certain aspects of theory of selection that Darwin had been researching for 20 years Darwin suggested joint presentation of ideas at the conference in London so both got credit "Survival of the Fittest" - Answer- Herbet Spencer He wrongly claimed that a struggle for existence in human society leads to its evolution Gregor Mendel: - Answer- Priest in the Czech Republic, Father of genetics Experimented with pea-plants Concluded: - Each individual plant carry 2 copies of 'factor' determines trait - If plants 'breed true' then identical factors; otherwise, one will 'mask' other trait Published (1866) findings, raised little interest e.g.s of Mendelian and Non-Mendelian traits: - Answer- Mendelian: - Cleft chin (dominant) - Cheek dimples (dominant) - Free (dominant) or attached (recessive) earlobes - Wet (dominant) or dry (recessive) earwax Non-Mendelian: - Eye colour - Hair colour - Morton's toe - Tongue rolling Causes of mutations: - Answer- 1. Copying errors in cell division 2. Exposure to radiation 3. Exposure to mutagens 4. Exposure to viruses Mutations are the ultimate source of new genetic materials in populations Population genetics: Genetic Drift - Answer- Random changes in the gene pool over time 3 important outcomes: - Reduces intrapopulation genetic variation - More likely to affect small populations - Increases interpopulation genetic variation Gene Flow: - Answer- Movement of genes between populations 2 important outcomes: - Initially, increases intrapopulation genetic variation - Eventually, reduces inter-population genetic variation "The Catch" of natural selection: - Answer- Biological evolution can occur without natural selection and vice versa (natural selection can occur without biological evolution) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): - Answer- Increasingly serious threat to global public health Macroevolution: - Answer- Large-scale changes at or above the special level Extends over a geologic era Associated with research on the formation of new taxonomic groups Cladistics: - Answer- A system of biological taxonomy based on quantitative phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms 3 major assumptions used in it: 1. There are changes in characteristics within lineages over time 2. All organisms are descended from a common ancestor 3. When a lineage splits, it divides into exactly 2 groups Clade - Answer- A group of organisms that contains an ancestral taxon and all of its descendants Polytomies - Answer- when more than two organisms share a most recent common ancestor the more polytomies you have and the closer they are to the base of the tree means the less certain you are about the phylogenetic tree, and the more information you are missing Primate characteristics: - Answer- Endotherms