Anthro 1 Final (UCLA)

Anthro 1 Final (UCLA) Upper Paleolithic Tools - A wide variety of materials (bone, antler, ivory) Unclear if associated with humans or Neanderthals UP Tools used for - Trade with wide networks and were transported very long distances UP Hunting - Expanded range (Large herbivore, Fish, Birds) UP Gathering - Wild barley, wheat, pistachios, olives, figs, grapes- although doesn't fossilize well UP Shelters - Mammoth Bones and skin coverings UP Life - Is better. Higher population, longer lifespan, less trauma & illness, expanded ranges mean able to cope with temperatures UP Fashions - Made clothes (Needles, awls used) from animal skins and decorated with beads UP Ritual - The first example of. Burials common, ornaments and tools found in graves UP Art - Carvings, musical instruments, ornaments. The Cave of Forgotten Dreams. Humans and Chimps Relatedness - 1.2% Humans and Bonobos Relatedness - 1.3% Humans and Gorillas Relatedness - 1.75% Regulatory Genes - control how genes are turned on and off Heterozygous Advantage - The allele that causes a deleterious condition in the homozygous recessive condition creates an ADVANTAGE for the heterozygote Example of the Heterozygous Advantage - Sickle Cell Anemia The Ss creates some suckling with leads to a significant resistance against malaria Lactose tolerance - A Mutation of M to T in N. Europeans G to C in N. Africans Selective Sweeps - When a variant is particularly beneficial it will spread rapidly through the population Haplotypes - Chunks of DNA that moves together Continuous Variation - Example is skin color Variation in skin color - A trade off of the need for Vitamin D synthesis and the protection from UV rays which break down folate (required for DNA synthesis) Darker Skin - Preserves folate Lighter Skin - enables Vitamin D synthesis Founder Effects - When gene flow is very limited, occurs in a small population Porphyria Varigeata - A adverse reaction to anesthetics, present in Afrikaners and all 3000 who have it can be traced back to one couple from 1680s Two Sources of Variation - Genetic and environmental (includes cultural). Hard to determine relative contributions and can have interactions. Two Sources of Variation Causes - Variation WITHIN groups and variation AMONG groups Heritability - The amount of phenotypic variation that is due to genetic variation (NOT the same as whether a trait is "influenced" or "inherited") Misconceptions about race - 1. Humans can be grouped into discrete categories (race is categorized by shared genes others do not share) 2. Members of different races are genetically different in important ways. 3. The differences between races are due to biological heritage. Scientific Racism - Anthropology hasa a deep legacy of racism, using science to justify bias Race as a Social Construct - Exists! They have important social consequences but do not map onto biological categorization. Genetic Variation among populations is a result of... - 1. Regional selection pressures 2. Genetic drift in small populations 3. Migration histories Human Genetic variation is... - Continuous and related to settlement patterns Genetic Distance is correlated with.. - Geographic distance Africans are _____ than the rest of the worlds population. - more genetically diverse Apparent Clustering arises due to... - Non-random sampling according to pre-existing category schemes. Skin Color as a Race - Is not plausible biologically because it is a multi genetic continuously varying trait. Certain diseases are more common in Africans and African Americans due to... - Ancestry, not "race" or skin color Variation between groups... - occurs less. Variation within groups... - occurs more. Evolution of human behavior is... - heavily contested Genetic Determinism - The belief that genes alone determines traits and behaviors, the antithesis of free will. (Believes in only nature of nature vs. nurture debate) Behaviors are either genetic and unchangeable OR learned and entirely dependent on the environment. - A MYTH Actually: Trait, including behavior, result from an INTERACTION between genes and environment. Are genes recipes or blueprints? - Recipes! They are like instruction that can be altered by the environment. Behavior is more ___ than morphology. - Plastic! Morphological traits are canalized (Number of fingers, eyes in front) Myth or Real: Most human behavior is the product of learning and culture and so it can't be adaptive. - MYTH! Natural selection shapes learning mechanisms so that organisms can adjust their behavior to local conditions in an adaptive way. Is all behavior adaptive? - No! We call behaviors that do not seem adaptive, maladaptation. Reasons for maladaptation... - 1. Culture evolves more quickly than genes so selection may not have caught up. 2. Byproduct of another trial that is adaptive. The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA) - The social, technological and ecological conditions under which human mental abilities evolved.