Criminal Justice NOCTI 2023//2024

Criminal Justice NOCTI 2023//2024 Subpoena - ANSWER a legal document ordering a person to testify in a court of law as a witness Actus Reus - ANSWER The actual criminal act Mens Rea - ANSWER legal phrase used to describe the mental state a person must have been in while committing a crime for it to be intentional Loops - ANSWER the most common fingerprint Chain of Custody - ANSWER a process used to maintain and document the chronological history of evidence Nolo Contedere - ANSWER a plea of "no contest" that one could use in court. It means that you are not admitting guilt but you're not denying it either. Use of Force Continuum - ANSWER 1. Officer Presence, Verbalization, Empty- Hand Control, Less-Lethal, Lethal force Verbalization - ANSWER Not physical. Officers issue calm, nonthreatening commands. Empty Hand Control - ANSWER Officers use bodily force. Soft/Hard techniques Less-Lethal - ANSWER Officers use different technologies to gain control pepper spray, baton, taser Lethal - ANSWER Officers use gun/weapons to gain control of a situation. 1st Amendment - ANSWER Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly (peaceful), and Petition 2nd Amendment - ANSWER Keep and bear arms 4th Amendment - ANSWER Illegal search and seizure 5th Admendment - ANSWER Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and just compensation (eminent domain) 6th Amendment - ANSWER Speedy and public trial by impartial jury, informed of nature and cause of accusation, confront the witnesses against him, right to an attorney, impartial jury 7th Amendment - ANSWER Civil Jury Trial 8th Amendment - ANSWER Cruel and unusual punishment Plain View Doctrine - ANSWER Officer can visually see contraband, therefore no warrant is needed. Terry v. Ohio - ANSWER Terry Frisk- weapons only Mapp v. Ohio - ANSWER Plain view- fruits of the poisonous tree Carroll v. US - ANSWER Mobility Doctrine Katz v. US - ANSWER wiretap Miranda v. Arizona - ANSWER Miranda Rights- 5th amendment Gideon v. Wainwright - ANSWER 6th amendment- right to counsel How should liquid blood stains be collected and stored? - ANSWER Blood that is in liquid pools should be picked up on a gauze pad or other clean sterile cotton cloth and allowed to air dry thoroughly, at room temperature. It should be refrigerated or frozen as soon as possible and brought to the Laboratory as quickly as possible. Delays beyond 48 hours may make the samples useless. How should dried blood stains be collected and stored? - ANSWER • On clothing, if possible, wrap the item in clean paper, place the article in a brown paper bag or box and seal and label container. Do not attempt to remove stains from the cloth. • On small solid objects, send the whole stained object to the Laboratory, after labeling and packaging. • On large solid objects, cover the stained area with clean paper and seal the edges down with tape to prevent loss or contamination. If impractical to deliver the whole object to the Laboratory, scrape the stain onto a clean piece of paper, which can be folded and placed in an envelope. Do not scrape directly into evidence envelope. Scrape blood from objects using a freshly washed and dried knife or similar tool. Wash and dry the tool before each stain is scraped off. Seal and mark the envelope. • Do not mix dried stains. Place each stain in a separate envelope. • Never attempt to wipe dried stains from an object using a moistened cloth or paper. How are autopsy blood samples collected? - ANSWER Request that pathologist obtain the sample directly from the heart into a yellow (ACD) or purple stoppered vacutainer (some labs request both). In rare cases when no liquid blood is available, ask pathologist to collect a section of liver, bone, and/or deep muscle tissue and freeze for typing. In such cases, proceed also with collection of a secondary standard as described below. How do you collect blood samples from a live victim? - ANSWER For typing purposes, have sample drawn into yellow and purple stoppered vacutainers. Note these are distinguished from the BA tubes which have grey stoppers. If the victim is injured to the extent that a transfusion is necessary, make an effort to obtain or begin necessary procedures to obtain the pre-transfusion sample collected by the hospital. These samples are not retained for long periods by the hospital, so it is important to act promptly. Also, make sure that some bloodstained garment worn by the individual has been air dried and frozen to serve as a secondary standard. What is the steps in handling and storage of physiological fluid evidence? - ANSWER Stains and Controls