physiology of sport and exercise Chapter 1 Questions With 100% Correct Answers

perimysium - Answer-The connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fasciculus Smooth muscle - Answer-involuntary, hollow organs Cardiac muscle - Answer-involuntary, heart Skeletal muscle - Answer-voluntary, skeleton, controls skeletal movements muscle fiber - Answer--an individual muscle cell -surrounded by endomysium (sheath of connective tissue) - consists of myofibrils divided into sacromeres epimysium - Answer-The outer connective tissue that covers an entire muscle, holding it together and gives it shape. Contains bundles of fasciculi Plasmalemma - Answer-cell membrane, -Fuses with tendon at the end of the muscle fibers to insert bones -Conducts action potential -Maintains pH, transports nutrients - folds allowing stretching of the muscle fiber. Satellite cells - Answer-immature cells that can mature into mature cell types. -Involved in muscle growth/development of skeletal muscle and response to injury, immobilization, training. alpha motor neuron - Answer-a neuron that connects with and innervates many muscle fiberstropomyosin - Answer-A tube-shaped protein that twists around actin strands, fitting in the groove between them. -works with troponin and calcium to maintain relaxation and contraction of the myofibril. endomysium - Answer-A sheath of connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber sarcoplasm - Answer--fluid cytoplasm of muscle fiber/cell -Dissolves proteins, minerals, glycogen, etc -fills space between myofibrils Transverse tubules (T-tubules) - Answer--Extensions of plasmalemma -Carry action potential deep into muscle fiber -pass along the myofibrils allowing nerve impulses from the plasmalemma to be transmitted rapidly to single myofibrils. myofibril - Answer--made up of the sacromeres -Hundreds to thousands per muscle fiber actin - Answer-(thin filaments) Show up lighter under microscope I-band contains only these Actually composed of three proteins Actin: contains myosin-binding site Tropomyosin: covers active site at rest Troponin: anchored to actin, moves tropomyosin Anchored at Z-disk Equally spaced out by titinmyosin - Answer-(thick filaments) Show up darker under microscope A-band contains both actin and this filament H-zone contains only this filament Two intertwined filaments with globular heads Globular heads Protrude 360° from thick filament axis Will interact with actin filaments for contraction Stabilized by titin 3 Actin (thin) filaments - Answer-actin, tropomyosin, troponin troponin - Answer-works with tropomyosin and calcium to maintain relaxation and contraction of the myofibril. Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Answer-vomits calcium, then eats it, - storage and release of calcium type 2A fiber - Answer-muscle fiber with moderately high aerobic endurance, moderate fatigue resistance, fast contractile speed, and high motor unit strength. type 2x fiber - Answer-muscle fiber with low aerobic endurance, low fatigue resistance, fast contractile speed, and high motor unit strength. titin - Answer-An array of fine filaments that stabilize the myosin filaments in the longitudinal axis fascicles - Answer-A small bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sheath within a muscle. -Surrounded by perimysium-Consists of individual muscle cells (muscle fibers) rate coding - Answer-Refers to the frequency of impulses sent to a muscle. Increased force can be generated through increase in either the number of muscle fibers recruited or the rate at which the impulses are sent. sarcomere - Answer--The basic functional unit of a myofibril -End to end for full myofibril length -contains A-bands, I-bands, H-zone, M-line, myofibril - Answer-The contractile element of skeletal muscle myosin - Answer-One of the proteins that form filaments responsible for muscle action troponin - Answer-A complex protein attached at regular intervals to actin strands and tropomyosin type I fiber - Answer-muscle fiber that has a high aerobic endurance, slow contractile speed, and low motor unit strength bone - Answer-1 tendon - Answer-2 whole muscle - Answer-3 epimysium - Answer-4 endomysium - Answer-5 perimysium - Answer-6 fasciculus - Answer-7muscle fiber - Answer-8 myofibril - Answer-9 plasmalemma - Answer-1 myofibril - Answer-2 sarcoplasm - Answer-3 opening into T-tubule - Answer-4 transverse tubules - Answer-5 sarcoplasmic reticulum - Answer-6 z disk - Answer-1 i band - Answer-2 m line - Answer-3 h zone - Answer-4 a band - Answer-5 sarcomere - Answer-6 actin - Answer-7myosin - Answer-8 Motor Unit - Answer-group of muscle fibers that get their signals from the same single motor neuron. epimysium, whole muscle, perimysium, fasciculus, endomysium, muscle fiber, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, t-tubule, SR, myofibril, sarcomere, - Answer-order from superficial to deep