Clep- Intro to Sociology Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Clep- Intro to Sociology Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass C. Wright Mills - Answer- must be able to view sociology humanistically. (understanding motives & human nature) "the sociological imagination". Sociological Imagination - Answer- expresses the humanistic aspect (motives & human nature) Auguste Comte (1838) - Answer- 3 stages of scientific development and coined the term sociology. Theological stage of scientific development - Answer- religious view Metaphysical stage of scientific development - Answer- abstract, human nature Positive stage of scientific development - Answer- pinnacle of social development, society governed by reliable knowledge and understood by facts. (When people can predict and change their own destinies.) Harriet Martineau () - Answer- observed English social patterns. Karl Marx () - Answer- "the theoretical giant of communist thought: whose prophecies are still hotly debated. Herbert Spencer () - Answer- society follows a natural evolutionary progression toward something better. Emile Durkheim () - Answer- statistical study of suicide Max Weber () - Answer- sought to explain the origins of capitalism. And developed the method of verstehen. Lester Ward & William Graham Sumner - Answer- caused American sociology to experience a loss of interest in the larger problems of social order and change, focusing on specific problems. George Herbert Mead - Answer- originated the field of social psychology. Robert Park & Ernest Burgess - Answer- were concentrating on the city and on such social problems as crime, drug addiction, prostitution, and juvenile delinquency. Talcott Parsons () - Answer- advocated grand theory. Grand theory - Answer- based on aspects of the real world forming a conception of society as a stable system of interrelated parts. Robert Merton () - Answer- proposed building middle range theories from a limited number of assumptions from which hypotheses are derived. -also distinguished between intended and unintended consequences of existing elements of social structure which are either functional or dysfunctional. Deductive theory - Answer- general ideas used to form logical, testable theories. Inductive theory - Answer- using concrete observations to form general conclusions through a process of reasoning. Interpretive Sociology - Answer- whereby humans attach meaning to their lives and shape their actions based upon both the real and anticipated responses of others. Symbolic interaction - Answer- human beings shape their world and are shaped by social interaction. Dramaturgy - Answer- humans play roles to present a certain image of ourselves, manipulate our audience, protect/hide ourselves, and amplify the rules of conduct that circumscribe our daily encounters. Conflict paradigm - Answer- views society as being characterized by conflict and inequality. (Whose interests are expressed, and who benefits/suffers from social arrangements). Functionalism - Answer- each part of a society serves a function necessary for the survival of the system as a whole. Quantitative methods - Answer- use statistical and mathematical techniques of measurement to describe and interpret observations. Qualitative methods - Answer- relying on personal observation and description to explain behavior. Verstehen - Answer- using empathic understanding to characterize and interpret human behavior. Survey method - Answer- subjects are asked about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior, such as how they have behaved in the past or how they intend to behave in the future, in a series of questions. Independent variable - Answer- influencer (cause) Dependent variable - Answer- influencee (effect) Correlational control - Answer- doesn't cause change in another variable, and causal does. Systematic sampling - Answer- i.e. every 50th person in the phone book is selected, thus assuring everyone in the in the population is guaranteed the same chance of being selected for study.