NURS 251 Portage Study Guide 6

Cystitis - Infection of the bladder Nephrotoxicity - Toxic to the kidneys Ototoxicity - Toxic to hearing HTN - Hypertension Enzyme induction - drugs stimulate the metabolism, can cause decreased pharmacological effects Enzyme inhibition - occurs with concurred administration of 2+ drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes inhibits drug metabolizing MIs and can lead to drug toxicity Serum half-life - -the time required for the serum concentration of the drug to be decreased by half -generally, takes 5 half-lives for drugs to be considered removed -it could take several days for some drugs to become therapeutic (most work this way) Serum drug level - measurement of a drug in the blood at a particular time Onset - the time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response Peak - -highest blood level of the drug -toxicity occurs if peak is too high Duration - the length of time the drug concentration is sufficient to be therapeutic Trough - -lowest blood level of the drug -not enough of the drug to be effective, disease could come back Pharmacodynamics - the study of what the drug does to the body Therapeutic effect - a positive change in a faulty physiological system (the goal of drug therapy) 3 things drug receptors can do: - -increase/decrease the intercellular enzyme activity -change the membrane permeability -change synthesis and release of neuro hormones (which regulate various physiological processes) 5 reasons for pharmacotherapeutics: - 1. acute/cure: might sustain life/treat diseases 2. maintenance: the treatment of a chronic illness 3. supplemental: the body doesn't make enough of something (i.e. diabetics) 4. palliative: used to make the patient as comfortable as possible when no longer treating disease (i.e. EOL) 5. prophylactic: trying to prevent illness (i.e. antibiotics before surgery) Additive interaction - when you take 2 drugs with similar pharmacological action can cause an increase in adverse effects (often the cause of OD) Synergistic interaction - taking 2 drugs with different mechanisms of action can cause greater effects Antagonistic interaction - combination 2 drugs resulting in effects that are less than the sum of the effects if they were taken separately Incompatibility interaction - when two perinatal drugs are mixed together resulting in a chemical deterioration of one or both drugs Adverse drug events - could be medication error, adverse drug reaction, allergic reaction 2014 FDA Pregnancy Categories - A - no fetal risk B - animal studies show no risk C - a potential risk, drugs may be used D - Evidence of fetal risk, but potential benefit to mother may be acceptable X - demonstrated fetal risk outweighs any benefit 2015 FDA Pregnancy Categories - Pregnancy - risk, clinical considerations and data Lactation risk, clinical considerations and data Females and Males of Reproductive potential Neonatal/Pediatric: Absorption - changes in gastric pH, less acidic when they are very young, have a s