PLSC 14 PSU Exam 1 (100% correct and graded A+)

States - Territorial entities in which a central authority provides public goods. Governments - Bureaucratic-legal apparatus constituting the central authority. Nations - Sets of people sharing identity of a cultural, ethnic or historic sort. Nation-States - Combination of a nation and state. Ideal that people within a state have a shared identity. Rare in real world. Correlates of War (COW) - 500,000+ population, externally sovereign, diplomatic recognition. 190 of them identified. International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) - Composed of states as members, and are either global or regional, and either single or multi-purpose. Ex. EU, UN Types of IGOs - Collective Security IGOs (NATO, UN). Economic IGOs (OPEC, IMF). International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) - Composed of non-state members from two or more countries. Usually exist to pressure gov'ts, or to provide services gov'ts cannot. (Red Cross, Amnesty International) Multi-National Corporations - Trans-national businesses with facilities in two or more states. International Terroristic Networks - Non-state, but often state supported trans-national interest groups specializing in violence. Individuals - Extraordinary personalities that influence world politics. (Mandela)De Facto States - -Control territory and population, which they "govern" to varying extents. -Lack diplomatic recognition. -Usually arise in weak states, early in state histories or in war-torn areas. (Confederate States of America) Fundamental Characteristics of the International System - -Anarchy: absence of central authority. -Uncertainty: about others' intentions. -These lead to self-help. Maximizing Power Internally - -Larger more productive pop. -More effective economic system. -Strong military and weapons capabilities. -Well protected borders. Maximizing Power Externally - -Make arrangements with other states against common enemies. -Convince other states that a threat to you is a threat to them. -This is a specialty of small states. Security Dilemma - -Caused by states trying to maximize powers. -When one state increases their power, every other state's goes down, causing them to feel less secure. -(Arms Race) Realism - -Anarchy + Uncertainty = Self-Help -Self-Help = Security Dilemmas -The only condition that realists predict cooperation will exist is when states have a common enemy. -Consequently, IR is fraught with conflict. COW's Operational Definition of Power (Composite Indicator of Nat'l Capabilities) - -Demographic (total pop., urban pop.) -Economic (iron & steel production, energy consumption)-Military (total troops, military expenditures) -Index is created from raw totals divided into shares. Founders of Realism - -Thucydides -Thomas Hobbes Classical Realism - Adds an assumption that human nature is evil. Neorealism - most common: anarchy, uncertainty, self help, security dilemmas Offensive Realism - very aggressive version of neorealism, warfare a constant fear