chem210:exam1 study guide, complete verified solution, A+ guarantee, 2024.

chem210:exam1 study guide, complete verified solution, A+ guarantee, 2024. properties of organic compounds non-polar; flammable; covalent bonds; insoluble in water; carbon containing molecules; non-conductor in electrolytes; LOW boiling and melting points; gas at room temp. properties of inorganic compounds polar; non-flammable; ionic bonds; soluble in water; conducts electricity; solid at room temp; HIGH boiling/melting points What is the trend in solubility and boiling point/melting point with increasing number of carbons? longer the hydrocarbon chain: higher- molecular weight- melting point-boiling point. Differentiate the various types of hydrocarbons in terms of bonds. saturated single bonds: Alkanes; Cycloalkanes; C-C; C-H unsaturated: at least one double(alkene) or triple(alkyne) bond; C-C Reactions of Alkanes COMBUSTION: oxidized( burning) in the presence of excess molecular oxygen; Incomplete produces carbon monoxide and water; 2CH4+3O2--2CO+4H2O Complete produces carbon dioxide and water. CH4 2O2---CO2+2H2O HALOGENATION: Substitution reaction; reacted or replaced w/ halogen(chl or br normally) Produces: alkyl halide or haloalkane in presence of heat &/or UV light. CH4+BR2------CH3BR+ H-BR What term best describes molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different structures/arrangements? Constitutional isomerism/Isomers- branched chain; have lower boiling/melting points then straight chains. What is the alkene responsible for fruit ripening? Ethene: C2H4; CH2=CH2; ethylene general formula for Alkane CnH2n+2 How does an alkyl group differ from parent alkane? one less hydrogen in arkyl group what is the simplest alkane capable of having constitutional isomers? Butane; C4H10 If you are given 2 beakers each filled with white crystalline solid and both are soluble in water, how would you determine which solids are ionic or covalent? melt or boil the substances; iconic compounds have higher melting and boiling points. poly-halogenated hydrocarbons are used as local and general anesthetic. Explain how these chemicals behave as anesthetic? chloroethane and chloromethane are used as pain reliever applied on skin to numb administered area; deadens nerve endings temporarily b/c evaporation lowers in skin temp. Halothane is by inhalation; safe and commonly used. Symmetrical: Hydrogenation: Addition of H2 Hydrogenation is the addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a carbon-carbon double bond to produce an alkane Hydrogenation is the addition of a molecule of hydrogen (H2) to a carbon-carbon double bond to produce an alkane •The double bond is broken •Two new C-H bonds result •Platinum, palladium, or nickel is required as a catalyst •Heat and/or pressure may also be required Unsymmetrical Addition- Hydration A water molecule can be added to an alkene -The addition of a water molecule to an alkene is called hydration •Presence of strong acid is required as a catalyst •Product resulting is an alcohol Markovnikov's Rule controls Unsymmetrical addition When an acid adds to a double bond, the H of the acid most often goes to the end of the double bond, which had more hydrogens attached initially Major and minor products •H-OH •H-Cl •H-Br Toluene benzene ring with attatched -CH3 Phenol, what are they used for? benzene ring with attatched -OH(hydroxyl group) Widely used in healthcare as: They behave as weak acids in removing germs. - Germicides - Antiseptics - Disinfectants(for surgical instruments)(steralization) They are Polar compounds and slightly acidic due to the hydroxyl group - Simpler phenols are somewhat water soluble - Components of flavorings and fragrances Phenols are not as acidic as carboxylic acids. Aniline benzene ring with attatched -NH2 Benzoic acid benzene ring with attatched -COOH Ortho benzene ring with groups at 1&2 Meta benzene ring with groups at the 1&3 Para