BIOS 256 Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers

BIOS 256 Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers ADH function - Answer-ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? - Answer-Aldosterone and ANP When is RAAS activated? - Answer-Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts Functions of ANP - Answer-ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood volume. What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? - Answer-Na+ and Cl- What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? - Answer-K+, proteins, and phosphates 3 buffer systems in the body - Answer-(1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system. Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system - Answer-Increased exhalation of CO2 increases exhalation of H+ and increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases exhalation of H+ and decreases the pH Kidneys as a buffer system - Answer-Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb HCO3- so it is not lost in urine Respiratory acidosis - Answer-A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient amounts of CO2. Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the excretion of H+ in urine and increasing HCO3- reabsorption Respiratory alkalosis - Answer-An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of CO2. Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the excretion of H+ and decreasing the reabsorption of HCO3- Metabolic acidosis - Answer-Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH. Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hyperventilating, causing an increase in the loss of CO2, increasing the pH