BIO 210 Test 3 with Complete Solutions

BIO 210 Test 3 with Complete Solutions CHAPTER 8 JOINTS AND ARTICULAR MOVEMENTS joint articulation; the junction of two or more bones structural classification of joints focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints) functional classification of joints based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses) synarthroses immovable joints syn=together, arthro=joint amphiarthroses slightly moveable joints amphi=on both sides, arthro=joint diarthroses freely moveable joint dia=apart, arthro=joint fibrous joint bones joined together by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present; connection made by hyaline cartilage or dense irregular connective tissue --TYPES-- -sutures -syndesmoses -gomphoses sutures aka synostoses meaning "seams"; occur only between bones of the skull; exhibit interlocking edges filled with minimal amounts of very short connective tissue fibers continuous with the periosteum; synarthroses = immovable (ex. plated bones of skull) syndesmoses (syndesmos = ligament) bones that are exclusively connected by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue; move-ability related to length of tissue band; amphiarthroses = slightly moveable, ranges (ex. radial-ulnar articulations) gomphoses peg-in-socket fibrous joint; only found in the articulation of a tooth with its bony alveolar socket; uses periodontal ligaments for attachment; synarthroses = immovable (ex. teeth) cartilaginous joints articulating bones are united by cartilage; lack a joint cavity and are not highly moveable --TYPES-- -synchondroses - symphyses synchondroses bones united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage; virtually all are synarthroses = immovable (ex. epiphyseal plate in children's long bones) symphyses articular surfaces of bones are covered with articular hyaline cartilage that is fused to an intervening pad, or plate, of fibrocartilage, which is the main connecting material; amphiarthroses = slightly moveable (ex. intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis) synovial joints articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity; permits substantial freedom of movement; diarthroses = freely moveable (ex. nearly all joints of the limbs) Synovial joint distinguishing features 1) Ligament 2) Articular Capsule 3) Fibrous Layer 4) Synovial Membrane 5) Articular Cartilage 6) Joint Cavity ligaments of synovial joints band-like ligaments reinforce and strengthen synovial joints; can be located on the outide or inside of the joint capsule articular capsule of synovial joints joint capsule; a two-layered membrane enclosing the joint cavity fibrous layer of synovial joints the external layer of the articular capsule that is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, that is continuous with the periostea of articulating bones; serves to strengthen the joint and keep bones from pulling apart synovial membrane of synovial joints the internal layer of the articular capsule composed of loose connective tissue; lines the fibrous capsule internally and covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage articular cartilage of synovial joints smooth hyaline cartilage covering opposing bone surfaces within the articular capsule; keeps bone ends from being crushed together joint cavity of synovial joints synovial cavity; feature unique to synovial joints holding small amounts of synovial fluid synovial fluid slipper fluid derived largely from filtration of the blood through capillaries and then secreted as hylauronic acid by cells within the synovial membrane; made of hylauronic acid, lubricin, proteinases, and collagenases