A Level Psychology Research Study #2024.

Rosenhan and Seligman (1989) - correct answer.Abnormal behavior is seen as vivid and unpredictable, causes observer discomfort and violates moral or ideal standards because it differs from most other people's behavior and standards. Part of the "Deviation from Social Norms" definition of abnormality. Szasz (1960) - correct answer.Another supporter of the "Deviation from Social Norms" definition of abnormality. Argues that abnormality, especially relating to certain mental disorders, is a socially constructed concept. This construction then allows for labeling of psychological patients. Szasz is also a big critic of the classification system utilized in diagnosis of mental disorders, based on the ethical implications associated with labeling. Jahoda (1958) - correct answer.Part of the "deviation from ideal mental health" definition of abnormality. Describes several characteristics that mentally healthy people should possess, such as the ability to introspect, integration and balance of personality, self-actualization, autonomy, ability to cope with stress and see the world as it really is, and environmental mastery. However, even "sane" people do not achieve all of these characteristics. Maslow - correct answer.Argues that very few people actually achieve self-actualization. Heather (1976) - correct answer.Criticizes the medical model of abnormality. Represents this model's assumption that there is always and underlying biological cause for psychological disorders. Suggests that the basis of defining abnormality is often governed by social and moral considerations rather than biological. Psychoanalytic Approach to Abnormality - correct answer.Popularized by Freud. Notion of normality is a balance between id impulses, the conscience of the ego, and the values of the superego. Abnormality is the result of thwarted id impulses, repression of traumatic events, or unresolved unconscious conflicts. The difference between the "normal" and "abnormal" is in degree of expression of abnormal tendencies. Utilizes directive therapy. Behavioral Approach to Abnormality - correct answer.Behaviorism centers around the belief that all behavior is resulting from learned causes. Processes of learning include classical conditioning and reinforcement. A notion of normality centers around a "learning history" (i.e. a network of behavioral causes within an individual) that has provided an adequately large selection of adaptive responses (i.e. good/normal behavior). Important behaviorists included Pavlov, Watson, and B. F. Skinner. Utilizes directive therapy. Cognitive Approach to Abnormality - correct answer.You are normal if: you're cognitive thought processes are rational and properly functioning and sufficiently used to accurately perceive the world and control behavior. Basically, you're normal if you can think soundly. You ain't right if: you have unrealistic, distorted, or irrational understanding and thoughts about the self, others, or the environment. Also cannot use conscious thought processes to sufficiently dictate actions. Involves semi-directive therapy. Humanistic Approach to Abnormality - correct answer.You're normal if: you have a positive self-regard, the ability to self-actualize, healthy interpersonal relationships, and responsibility and control over life. You ain't right if: oh wait, no. Humanists believe that everyone is special and unique and rejects psychological labels, for they view them as "stigmatizing." However, humanists recognize "problems with living" that often result from interpersonal relationships, and undesirable environmental circumstances. Involves non-directive therapy. Nomothetic - correct answer.Refers to a debate in psychology. This branch, as opposed to idiographic, involves the studying of similarities between individuals and generalization. Idiographic - correct answer.Refers to a debate in psychology. This branch, as opposed to nomothetic, recognizes individual differences more and proposes that psychologists/psychiatrists should treat and/or study people with regards to the subject/patient's own background and personality, isolated from the phenomena observed in others. Statistical Infrequency - correct answer.A definition of abnormality that states that a behavior is abnormal if it is statistically infrequent. Imagine a bell curve. This definition is lacking in that there is subjectivity in defining the degree of infrequency for one to be considered "abnormal." Other criticisms are that some disorders are not statistically infrequent, that infrequency does not designate desirability, and that depending on the sample used for statistical comparison, there may be cultural/regional discrepancies. Deviation from Social Norms - correct answer.Social norms can be defined as generally accepted rules governing society. They are established through perception and the formation of social complexes within individuals. Examples include wearing clothes, and not acting "crazy." This definition of abnormality considers one abnormal if they violate these accepted standards. This definition is very subjective. For example, depression may be perceived as normal in certain circumstances. Failure to Function Adequately - correct answer.This definition of abnormality is fairly self-explanatory. According to this definition, abnormality results from maladaptive behaviors that may adversely affect the individual. Deviation from Ideal Mental Health - correct answer.This definition of abnormality involves the inability to meet a set of characteristics (or an adequate portion of them) that have been deemed typical of a "sane" individual. This definition is often seen as too idealistic. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder - correct answer.The major diagnostic classification system in psychology. Beck et al. (1962) - correct answer.Demonstrated the failure and inconsistency of early diagnostic classification systems. Multiple psychologists diagnosed the same 153 patients, and researchers found that agreement was only 54%. Cooper et al. (1972) - correct answer.Also represented the weaknesses of early classification systems. NY psychiatrists were twice as likely to diagnose schizophrenia than their London counterparts. Di Nardo et al. (1993) - correct answer.Tested the DSM III-R for reliability among anxiety disorders. Found that certain disorders had greater reliability than others. For example, OCD and social phobia were of greater reliability than generalized anxiety disorder. Rosenhan (1973) - correct answer.See core studies for more info. Demonstrated the failures of mental hospitals in actively diagnosing and assessing the state of patients. Temerline (1970) - correct answer.Demonstrated biases in psychological diagnoses. Found that clinically trained psychiatrists and clinical psychologists could be influenced in their diagnosis by hearing the opinion of a respected authority. Scheff (1966) - correct answer.Criticizes the classification system. Suggests that labeling people as "abnormal" helps society overcome its anxiety and establish clear norms of reality and appropriate behavior. Goffman - correct answer.Describes the adverse effects of institutionalization. Argues that the identity of the patient is gradually lost to the institution, and that patients may internalize their role of "mentally ill patient," which could worsen their disorder rather than improving it. Doherty (1975) - correct answer.Points out that those who reject the "mental illness" label tend to improve more quickly than those who accept it. A counterexample to this is alcoholism. Gove (1970, 1990) - correct answer.Found that the stigmatizing effects of labeling are short-lived Major and Crocker (1993) - correct answer.Found that the effect of labeling on a person's self-esteem is difficult to predict. Langer and Abelson (1974) - correct answer.Showed that prejudice does indeed exist in society with regards to people diagnosed with a mental illness. Disorganized Schizophrenia - correct answer.A subtype of schizophrenia. Symptoms: incoherent thoughts and speech (crazy talk), bizarre delusions and hallucinations (hearing voices), and inappropriate emotions and behaviors. Catatonic Schizophrenia - correct answer.A subtype of schizophrenia. Involves switching from states of catatonic stupor (keeping the same position for long periods of time) and negativism (refusing all instructions for seemingly no reason), and states of catatonic excitement (prolonged, frenzied, even violent behavior). Paranoid Schizophrenia - correct answer.A subtype of schizophrenia. Involves organized and complex delusions (often of persecution), mostly auditory hallucinations (hearing voices), and relatively few other symptoms. Residual Schizophrenia - correct answer.A subtype of schizophrenia. Involves the gradual development of many minor problems, e.g. unusual behavior, social withdrawal, emotional blunting (lack of emotion), and apathy. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia - correct answer.A subtype of schizophrenia. Patients with this diagnosis do not fit into the any of the other subtypes of schizophrenia. Therefore, there is much variation