PSYCHOLOGY PAPER ONE AQA 2022

Describe the Milgram (1963) experiment process. 40 males from volunteer samples in a lab. Confederate 'randomly' picked as learner, participants. As teacher. Teachers administered shocks to 450v, experimenter told participants to continue when hesitant. What did Milgram (1963) find? All participants reached 300v, 65% to 450v. Supporting evaluations for Milgram (1963). - Good external validity for the relationship between authority and participants. - Replicable with high consistency. Negatives of Milgram (1963). - Low internal validity, participants said they thought it could be fake (2013). - Ethics, deception of participants in role selections and shocking, decreases psychology’s respect. What are the situational variables of Milgrams study? - Proximity, when done over the phone obedience drops to 20%. - Location, when done in a rundown office, drops to 50%. - Uniform, when done without a uniform, drops to 20%. What is the agentic state? A state of feeling controlled by an authority figure and therefore lacking responsibility for our actions. What is legitimacy of authority? An explanation for obedience which suggests that we are more likely to obey people who we perceive to have authority over us. This authority is justified by the individual's position of power within a social hierarchy. Evaluate agentic state. (2) + A group was shown a video of Milgram's, the blame was placed on the experimenter. - Doesn't explain why participants don't obey. Evaluate legitimacy of authority. + Cultural differences mean people react differently to authority figures, people from some places are traditionally more obedient. Australians only went to 450v 15% of the time, Germans 85%. Describe the multi-store model. Sensory register has 0.5s duration and a high capacity. STM 30s and 7±2, codes acoustically. LTM unlimited, codes semantically. Evaluate the MSM. (3) + HM, after surgery HM could only form STM, no LTM, showing they're separate. + Baddeley (1966), participants shown lists of words acoustically similar and semantically similar. When recalling acoustic words, worse in STM, semantic worse in LTM. - KF, could remember visual stimulus, but not acoustic, implying STM is not stored in one form. Describe the working memory model. CE - allocates attention. EB - records the sequence of events VSS - receives visual stimuli VC - stores visual data IS - stores arrangement of objects PL - auditory info ACS - maintenance rehearsal PS - stores words Evaluate the WMM (4) +KF, could receive visual info but not auditory, implies his PL was damaged. + Baddeley et al. (1975), dual tasks. Found doing a visual and verbal task to be easier than two visual at once. + Brain scans show more activity in prefrontal cortex when doing harder tasks, implies CE working harder. - Lack of clarity in CE, incomplete. What are the aspects of a cognitive interview? Geiselman (1992) 1 Report everything. 2 Reinstate context (context ques) 3 Reverse order (stops lies and expectations) 4 Change perspective (disrupts schema) Evaluate the cognitive interview. (3) +Köhnken et al. (1999) meta-analysis of 50 studies found an 80% increase in correct info, BUT a 61% increase in incorrect info. - Time consuming and needs training, increased economic stress. - Report everything and context reinstatement more beneficial.