CLT 2023 Exam 100% VERIFIED Correct SOLUTIONS

CLT 2023 Exam 100% VERIFIED Correct SOLUTIONS Hamilcar Barca - ANSWER -last of the 4 generals who was blamed for Carthaginian loss (died 228 BC) -commanded Carthaginian forces at the end of the First Punic War in Sicily, hated treaty with the Roman Empire, father of Hannibal - led Carthaginian forces to Spain (238 BCE) -used guerrilla warfare at Mount Ercte and Mount Eryx First Punic War - ANSWER -war between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire from (264-241 BCE) - fought in Sicily, north Africa, and in the seas -fought to establish control over Sicily and Corsica - STRICTLY naval warfare which the Romans adapted to and used to their advantage -Rome ended up taking control of Sicily (1st roman overseas province) Corvus - ANSWER movable bridge connected to a ship with a spike that could be attached to another ship -turned a naval battle into a land battle Hannibal Barca - ANSWER led Carthaginian Army and elephants across Southern Europe and the Alps against Rome during 2nd Punic War (247 BC- ?) -first and last guy to invade the Italian peninsula (laid waste to it for 14 years) - never marched on Rome -swore to "never be a friend to Rome" -had mercenary army that was paid Second Punic War - ANSWER AKA the Hannibalic War (218-201 BC) - Rome declared war after Hannibal captured Saguntum on the east coast of Iberian peninsula and refused to recall it (Rome helped this city and forms an alliance and Hannibal got pissed) -resulted in Roman hegemony over the Western Mediterranean -involved confrontations in Italy, Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, and North Africa Battle of Trebia - ANSWER First major battle of 2nd Punic War (218 BC) -Carthaginian victory - Romans under Tiberius Sempronius Longus -Hannibal's first major victory in Italy -Carthaginian army used nature, environment, and knowledge of opponent to win Battle of Trasimene - ANSWER 2nd major battle of 2nd Punic War (217 BC) -Carthage defeated Rome in central Italy -infantry drowned or massacred -inspired Roman Fabian strategy of nonengagement "the greatest ambush in history" (Hannibal hid troops behind bushes then surrounded the Romans) - caused Rome to be gripped by panic Battle of Cannae - ANSWER a major battle in the 2nd Punic War fought near ancient village of Cannae in southeast Italy in the plains (216 BC) -Romans crushed by African, Gallic, France, Spaniards and Celtiberian troops - Romans had two commanders: Paulos and Verus - considered bloodiest battle of the ancient world - alerted Rome of the Carthaginian army's power -example of victorious double envelopment (attacking both sides of military flank)(50,000-70,000) - Rome used checkerboard formation for maximum flexibility but was trapped by Hannibal's crescent formation - worst Roman defeat/carthage greatest victory -made Rome's resistance stronger - Carthage is established as an archerival of RomeRome would always be terrified of an invasion from another Hannibal after that Scipio Africanus - ANSWER Roman general/statesmen who defeated Hannibal in the final battle of the Second Punic War - received nickname Africanus after he won the battle of Zama -invades Carthage with his troops -accused of bribery in the campaign against Antiochus III by Cato the Elder - received multiple senatorial persecutions -grandfather of Gracchi brothers (236-183 BCE) Cato the Elder - ANSWER Conservative Roman statesman, censor and orator who opposed Greek influences on Roman standards (234-149 BC) -broke the political influence of Scipio Africanus and Lucius Scipio -"Carthage must be destroyed" -wrote Origines: first history of Rome in Latin -wrote De agri cultura (oldest remaining complete prose work in Latin) first to write literature about agriculture -banished a man for hugging his wife in public Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus - ANSWER Populist tribunes who sought to introduce land/agrarian reforms to Rome and improve life quality of average citizens (Populares) -both were assassinated - after that, violence towards politicians became the norm (not sacrosanct) -they were patricians but were able to become tribunes -took veto power from senate to tribune -took power from optimates to the populares (these factions started to form and influence the romans) Tiberius Gracchus - ANSWER tribune elected in 133 B.C.; called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers - aimed to increase the amount of small farmers -assassinated by senatorial opponents (including his cousin Scipio Nasica) -tribunate marked the beginning of the "Roman revolution" (straying from mos maiorum) Gaius Gracchus - ANSWER Roman politician elected in 123 BC who wanted to control the Price of grain, build public works - introduced tax on the cities of Asia minor "Tax Farming" - replaced senators and governors with rich citizens called "equestrians" -founded colonies in Italy and Carthage -no conscription of Romans under 17 -state would pay for military equipment Sulla - ANSWER victor in civil war (1st in Roman history) and subsequently dictator of Rome (brings back dictatorship) -fought in the Social War agains