CHAPTER 3 NASM NUTRITION QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

CHAPTER 3 NASM NUTRITION QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS What best describes an empirical scientific approach? Controlled observation What represents a weakness of observational studies? Correlation does not equal causation(cause for a result) What best represents a weakness of interventional designs? Small number of subjects Is Scientific evidence fixed and immutable? False Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look at changes in body weight over 3 months. What item represents the independent variable in this study? diet type Scientists find that a protein supplement increases lean mass in the elderly. However, they caution that the results may not apply to other populations, like younger people. What term best describes what the scientists are referring to? External validity A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the diets. What term describes how this study effects the initial proposal? Falsification(falsifying information or a theory.) What observational study design allows scientists to hypothesize a potential causal association? Cohort study(a group of people with a common statistical characteristic) Fructose has been shown in studies to have adverse effects on blood triglycerides when consumed in excess of calorie needs. However, moderate doses of fructose have been shown to have no effect. What item best describes the conclusion that should be drawn from this data? Fructose intake poses no risk to triglycerides when consumed within energy needs, but caution is warranted if calorie intake is high. What statement best describes science? It is the use of evidence to construct explanations and predictions of natural phenomena. What represents a strength of observational studies? Large subject numbers What term describes the phenomena when a group does not represent the population a scientist is intending to study? Selection bias Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of study is this? Meta-analysis meta-analysis a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies What term describes a variable in an experiment for which a scientist takes no steps to account for? Uncontrolled variable Studies show that Diet A causes more weight loss than Diet B. A client is able to better adhere to Diet B than Diet A. What item represents the best option for this client? diet B What represents a critical evaluation of a study by other scientists? peer review What term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs? Evidence-based practice What term refers to the ability to get similar results when something is measured under the same conditions? Test-retest reliability Scientists perform a study comparing 1000 women with breast cancer to 1000 women without breast cancer. They gather information on the women's diets and look to see if the women diagnosed with breast cancer had more fat in their diet compared to the women who did not get cancer. What term best describes this study? Case-control study cross-sectional study Cross-sectional studies look at variables in a group of people at a specific point in time. What is an example of descriptive research? survey/case study cohort studies determine an association between an exposure and an outcome or disease A crossover design is a variation of: the same group of subjects are assigned to both the treatment and control groups Scientists perform a diet study in which they assign half the people to a continuous dieting group and the other half to an intermittent fasting group. What term best describes this study design? Parallel What term refers to a proposed explanation for a set of observations? Hypothesis Theory a hypothesis for which a large body of high-quality evidence has been accumulated What best describes formulation of a hypothesis, collecting data to test the hypothesis, and changing or discarding the hypothesis when the data does not support it? Scientific method uncontrolled variable This is a variable in an experiment that a scientist makes no effort to manipulate or account for. What term describes the phenomena when a group does not represent the population a scientist is intending to study? Selection bias A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, independent of its calorie content. If that proposal is true, then that would mean that high-sugar diets should increase fat gain independent of their calorie content. What term describes this potential consequence? prediction Conclusion discusses the results of an experiment and explains whether the data supported the hypothesis or not. What term describes how a body of knowledge is based on observation and experience? Empirical