PATHO EXAM 1

Define atrophy and give an example A decrease in cell size. Essentially, if you do not use it, you lose it. An example/cause would be disuse diminished work load, inadequate nutrition, aging, etc. Define hypertrophy and give an example An increase in cell size. For example, the heart goes through hypertrophy to deal with high blood pressure. Another example would be ventricular hypertrophy. Define hyperplasia and give an example. An increase in the NUMBER of cells. Examples- Keloid formation, or BPH Define metaplasia and give an example When one type of cell is replaced by another type of cell. Example- Barrett's esophagus, or smoker’s lung. Define dysplasia and give an example Disordered cells, cells that have lost normal architectural arrangement. Example- cervical dysplasia (precancerous) Define neoplasia "New growth", tumor cells, may be malignant or benign. Benign characteristics -Doesn't spread (metastasize) -Cells resemble normal cells -Well-differentiated cells (look normal) -Well defined borders Malignant characteristics -Cells appear different from healthy cells -Poorly differentiated cells -Increased likely hood of spreading (metastasize) -Poorly defined borders Define Hypoxia Oxygen deprivation, this is the most common cause of cell injury. Define infarction The obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, leads to cell death Define necrosis Cell death due to external forces, injury, ischemia, toxins, and more. This leads to inflammation. Define Mutations When a gene is damaged or changed in a way that alters the genetic code carried by that gene. They can be inherited or got spontaneously