NRS 410 Pediatric Exam 1 Questions and Answers 2024

NRS 410 Pediatric Exam 1 Questions and Answers 2024 Adolescence Age - Answer-11-20 years Puberty Definition - Answer-The maturational, hormonal, and growth process that occurs when the reproductive organs begin to function, and secondary sex characteristics develop Prepubescence Stage - Answer-Approximately 2 years immediately before puberty when the child develops preliminary physical changes that herald sexual maturity. Puberty Stage - Answer-Point at which sexual maturity is achieved, marked by first menstrual flow in females and by less obvious indications in males Post pubescence Stage - Answer-1-2 years after puberty during which skeletal growth is completed and reproductive functions become faulty well established. Primary sex characteristics examples - Answer-ovaries, uterus, breast, penis Secondary sex characteristics examples - Answer-Voice alterations, development of facial and pubertal hair, fat deposits Do not play a direct part in reproduction GnRH - Answer-Increases stimulating the production and release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinzing hormone (LH) Females Development - Answer-Growth of ovarian follicles, production of estrogen and intuition of ovulation Males Development - Answer-Maturation of testicles and testosterone, stimulation of sperm production Estrogen - Answer-Feminizing hormone, found in low quantities during childhood, but rises as FSH production increases and stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen. The counter-play between estrogen and FSH is what dictates menstrual cycles. Androgens - Answer-Masculinizing hormones, low quantities till about age 7-9, followed by a rapid increase in both sexes until around age 15 Androgens more obvious in - Answer-Males Androgens result in a rapid increase in - Answer-Muscle mass, skeletal growth, and bone density Pubic, axillary, facial, and body hair; body odor; increased height First indication of Puberty in Females - Answer-Development of breast buds (thelarche) between age 8 and 13 Menarche - Answer-Females first menstruation occurs about 2 years after the appearance of the first pubescent changes, around age 10.5-15 years old. First Indication of Puberty: Males - Answer-Testicular enlargement accompanied by thinning, reddening and increased looseness of the scrotum between ages 9.5-14 years Early puberty Male - Answer-Accompanied by initial appearance of pubic hair Mid-Puberty Male - Answer-When penile and testicular engagement begins, and pubic hair continues to grow Voice changes and facial hair Gynecomastia - Answer-Temporary breast enlargement and tenderness in males, common in early to mid-puberty Goes away within 2 years Late Puberty - Answer-Penis and testicular enlargement continues until mature size, first ejaculation occurs, axillary hair develops, facial hair extends to cover the anterior neck, and voice changes tend to finalize Growth - Answer-Used to show an increase or change in physical size Height, weight, head circumference, BMI Development - Answer-Used to denote an increase in skill or ability to function Milestones (sitting, walking, talking), communication, motor skills, emotions Growth and Development is a - Answer-Continual process and should proceed in an orderly manner Slight changes are expected and normal Development occurs via - Answer-Proximo-distal direction -From the midline of the body, out -Proceeds from gross to refined motor skills -A child cannot learn tests until the nervous system is ready -Neonatal reflexes must be lost before development can progress Weight - Answer-Many medications are weight dosed -Helps to determine hydrations status How to Measure Weight Accurately: Infants - Answer-Measure laying down, completely nude How to Measure Weight Accurately: Children and teens - Answer-Standing scale (if able), light clothing, no shoes Birth weight Should: - Answer-Double by 6 months Triple by 1 year Quadruple by 2.5 years New borns may: - Answer-Lose up to 10% of their birth weight initially Pubertal weight gain averages: Females - Answer-40 Ibs Pubertal weight gain averages: Males - Answer-52 Ibs Length - Answer-Allows us to calculate accurate body surface area (BSA) How to Measure Length Accurately: Infants - Answer-Laying on length board, need 2 people How to Measure Length Accurately: Children and Teens - Answer-Standing stadiometer (if able), may use other methods such as forearm measurements if unable to bear weight Expected Growth 0-6 months - Answer-Gains 1 inch/month Expected Growth 6-12 months - Answer-Gains 0.5 inch/month Length by the end of first year - Answer-Increase 50% If a baby is 20 inches at birth, expect them to be 30 inches by 1 4 year old length - Answer-Birth length should double Gain about 2 inches per year after that 13 year old length - Answer-Birth length should triple Head circumference - Answer-Measured at every visit up to 24 months