Intro to Brain & Behavior- Exam 4 practice test fully solved & updated 2024

mental disorders -80% prevalence -25% of US adults suffer from mental illness -46% fall victim during lifetime -cost about $317 billion per year in US schizophrenia (1% of population) perceptual, emotional, intellectual deficits, loss of contact with reality, inability to function in daily life -class of psychosis (psychotic) disorders Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:00 Full screen men develop schiz._________ than women sooner (teens/twenties) symptoms of schiz. hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, disordered thought, social withdrawal, grandeur -acute symptoms- develop suddenly and respond well to treatment -chronic symptoms- develop gradually and are harder to treat heredity of schiz. and vulnerability model higher in relatives (.60-.90)- identical twins 3x more likely than fraternal -vulnerability model- suggests genetic predispositions provide threshold for environmental challenges (stress in womb/winter birth effect) before schiz. is shown Type 1 schizophrenia positive symptoms- presence/exaggeration of behaviors (hallucinations/delusions/abnormal sensory experiences), responds to anti-dopamine drugs due to too much dopamine/D2 receptors, can be reversed Type 2 schizophrenia negative symptoms- absense/insufficiency of normal behaviors (lack of affect, motivtion, attention, speech, pleasure, blank face), resistent to anti-dopamine drugs, sometimes mental impairment, loss of cells/grey matter in temporal lobes due to increase ventricle size, irreversible dopamine hypothesis schiz. involves excessive dopamine activity in brain and high dopamine activity in striatum, anti-dopamine drugs can produce tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements) atypical antipsychotics drugs that treat psychotic symptoms and behavior -target D2 receptors less which produces less tardive dyskinesia (given more to patients today) glutamate theory increasing glutamate amounts decreases pos/neg symptoms (too little glutamate slows brain activity) -PCP mimics schiz. by inhibiting NDMA receptors brain anomalies -Reduced gray matter and limbic area volume, sometimes resulting in increased ventricular size -HYPOFRONTALITY (prefrontal cortex activity is slowed), indicated by brain scans and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, is due to disrupted communication between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex environmental origins of schiz. -brain damage/injury -prenatal complications -stress -immune responses from illness -starvation -winter birth effect- schiz. more prevalent in babies developing during winter months due to increased exposure to infections during that time affective disorders -depression -major depressive disorder (MDD)-weeks/months -unipolar depression (depressions appears alone) -bipolar (depression with mania/drained energy/lack of sleep/increased sex drive, drug use) heredity of affective disorders -bipolar disorders more heritable than depression -29% in men, 42% in women -neurotrophin BDNF protects against 5-HTTLPR monoamine hypothesis depression involves reduced activity at norepinephrine/serotonin synapses -anti-depressants increase activity of these neurotrans. at synapse