BSMCON NUR 2102 - Final Cumulative Exam Questions and Answers

BSMCON NUR 2102 - Final Cumulative Exam Questions and Answers Melanoma Risk Factors - Answer-Too much exposure to UV radiation Moles Fair skin, freckling, red, or blonde hair Positive family history of melanoma History of immunosuppressive treatment Older age Male gender Past history of melanoma Screening Recommendations for Melanoma - Answer-Skin examination every 3 years for ages 20-40 and yearly for over 40 Monthly skin self-exam starting at age 20 Appendages of the Skin - Answer-Hair, nails and glands (eccrine, apocrine, sebaceuos) Eccrine Glands - Answer-Most numerous sweat glands on the body. In greatest number on palms, soles and forehead. Apocrine Glands - Answer-Found only in the axillae, nipples, areolae, anogenital area, eyelids, and external ears. Activity associated with puberty and body odor. Sebaceous Glands - Answer-Secrete sebum which keeps the skin and hair lubricated. Greatest distribution on face and scalp. Abnormal Nail Findings - Answer-Edema & erythema, Koilonchia, Leukonychia, Clubbing, Beau's Lines, Pitting, Onycholysis Koilonychia - Answer-Spoon Nail: thin, depressed nail with the lateral edges turned upward. Associated with anemia Leukonychia - Answer-White spots on the nail plates. Caused by minor trauma or manipulation of the cuticle Clubbing - Answer-The angle of the nail base exceeds 180 degrees. Associated with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease. Beau's Lines - Answer-A groove or transverse depression running across the nail. Result from trauma. Looks similar to the chipping of nail polish from the base of the nail toward the tip. Pitting - Answer-Associated with psoriasis. Looks like "golf-ball" nails Expected Changes with Aging - Answer-Dry skin, less perspiration, folding and wrinkling appearance of skin due to loss of elasticity, skin pallor and cooler skin temperature, gray hair, thinning scalp, axillary, and pubic hair, thicker nails that are brittle hard and yellowish. Nails develop ridges and are prone to splitting into layers. Wood's Lamp - Answer-Used to identify fluorescing lesions, indicating fungal infection. If no fungal infection, the light tone on the skin appears soft violet. Abnormal Skin Findings: Texture - Answer-Excessive dryness, flaking, cracking or scaling. Maceration, discoloration or rashes Abnormal Skin Findings: Temperature - Answer-*Cool Skin:* generalized- cool or cold skin associated with shock or hypothermia. Localized- (particularly in extremities) indicate poor peripheral perfusion. *Hot Skin:* generalized- reflects hyperthermia associated with fever, increased metabolic rate (e.g. hyperthyroidism), or exercise. Localized- reflect inflammation, traumatic injury, or thermal injury such as sunburn. Abnormal Skin Findings: Moisture - Answer-Diaphoresis abnormal in the absence of strenuous activity. May reflect hyperthermia, extreme anxiety, pain, or shock. Hyperthyroidism Abnormal Skin Findings: Mobility & Turgor - Answer-Poor skin turgor "tenting" seen resulting from dehydration or in someone who has experienced a significant weight loss. Edema, excessive scarring, some connective tissue disorders reduce skin mobility. Abnormal Skin Findings: Thickness - Answer-Increase in thickness in diabetics. Excessively thin (shiny or transparent) in hypothyroidism, arterial insufficiency and aging. Reduce Risk of Melanoma - Answer-Avoid excessive UV exposure Avoid being outdoors in the middle of the day (10am-4pm) when the UV light is the most intense Wear a hat and long-sleeved shirt outside Wear sunglasses with 99-100% UV absorption Avoid tanning salons and sun lamps Apply sunscreen - SPF 15 or greater, reapply q 2 hours Early Signs of Melanoma - Answer-ABCDEF Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Elevation Feeling Stage I Pressure Ulcer - Answer-Intact skin with nonblanchable redness usually over a bony prominence. Stage II Pressure Ulcer - Answer-Partial-thickness loss of dermis. Presents as shiny or dry shallow open ulcer with pink wound bed without slough or bruising. May be a serum- filled blister. Stage III Pressure Ulcer - Answer-Full-thickness skin loss involving damage to or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue. Subcutaneous fat may be visible, but bone, tendon, or muscles are not exposed. Slough may be present. Stage IV Pressure Ulcer - Answer-Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present within wound bed Unstageable Pressure Ulcer - Answer-Full-thickness tissue loss in which base of ulcer is covered by slough or eschar. True depth of ulcer cannot be determined until slough &/or eschar is/are removed. Serous - Answer-wound drainage that looks clear or straw colored; thin and watery Serosanguinous - Answer-Fluid appears pink due to a small number of blood cells mixing in with serous drainage Sanguinous - Answer-Red drainage from trauma to a blood vessel Purulent - Answer-Yellow, gray, beige, or green drainage that comes out of a wound when an infection invades the area; contains pathogenic microorganisms along with white blood cells or dead or dying bacteria Primary Skin Lesions - Answer-Macule, Papule, Patch, Plaque, Nodule, Wheal, Tumor, Urticaria (hives), Vesicle, Cyst, Bulla, Pustule Secondary Skin Lesions - Answer-Crust, Scale, Fissure, Erosion, Ulcer, Excoriation, Scar, Atrophic scar, Lichenification, Keloid, Macule - Answer-Flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin. Less than 1cm in diameter. Freckles, flat moles, measles, scarlet fever. Primary Papule - Answer-Elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1cm. Wart (verruca), elevated moles, cherry angioma, skin tag. Primary Patch - Answer-Flat, non palpable, irregular-shaped macule more than 1cm in diameter. Vitiligo, port wine stain, cafe-au-alit spots, mongolian spots. Primary Plaque - Answer-Elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface greater than 1cm. Psoriasis, eczema. Primary Wheal - Answer-Elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient; variable diameter. Insect bites, urticaria, allergic reaction. Primary Nodule - Answer-Elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion, deeper in dermis than a papule. 1-2cm in diameter. Lipomas, melanoma, hemangioma, neurofibroma. Primary Tumor - Answer-Elevated and solid lesion; may or may not be clearly demarcated; deeper in dermis; greater than 2cm in diameter. Neoplasms, lipoma, hemangioma. Primary Vesicle - Answer-Elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis, filled with serous fluid; less than 1cm in diameter. Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), acute eczema. Primar