Bio 172 FINAL EXAM UH Manoa Curtis Daehler Rated A+

Bio 172 FINAL EXAM UH Manoa Curtis Daehler Rated A+ animals vary in how they look male or female because hormones endocrine system uses chemical signals to elicit responses by cells that have receptors endocrine signaling hormones leave directly from blood vessels to cells to trigger a response paracrine signaling when cells signal other cells with hormones autocrine signaling when a cell releases hormones and signals itself water soluble hormone released into the blood system sent throughout the body and interacts with neighboring tissue. water soluble hormones can cause changes in the cytoplasm or the nucleus cytoplasmic response signal transduction through g protein coupled receptor. in the hormone signaling glycogen is broken down into glucose for energy lipid soluble will enter directly into the cell and go straight to the nucleus estradiol (a lipid soluble hormone) passes through bilayer of the cell membrane one hormone can lead to different responses in different cells for example one hormone can cause the release of glucose. Another hormone can cause a muscle to relax. Can cause blood vessels to restrict. cell relaxing comes from beta receptor hormons cell contracting comes from alpha receptor hormones major endocrine glands Pancreas pineal gland parathyroid gland thyroid gland ovary testis adrenal gland adh released by pituitary gland kidney releases adrenal gland releases epinephrin pancreas releases glucagon and thymus releases T cells. Thymus cells endocrine glands integrate with the brain receiving and responding to information form throughout the body endocrine glands control body temp, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, attachment behaviors. posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus and secretes ADH and oxytocin. oxytocin hormone causes mammary glands to produce milk and uterine muscles. Causes contractions of a female. ADH causes production of kidney tubules Anterior pituitary causes a hormonal cascade pathway due to trophic responses. Hormonal cascade in anterior pituitary tropic effects only nontropic effects only tropic effects causes release of hormones from another endocrine gland nontropic causes production of a certain thing like milk or vitamin D production Excess Growth hormone causes you to grow very fast Excess GH exposure can result in select growth in specific tissues. Being exposed to mustard gas. Really big nose. hormones are involved in homeostasis via negative feedback cycles the adrenal glands respond to short and long term stress via two hormonal pathways. short term and long term Short term stress response