Feminism Final 100% PASSED
What is colorism? - ✔✔✔differential treatment based on skin tone that generally manifests itself as a
preference for lighter colored skin
-a prejudice that continues to exist not only among blacks but also among many POC and whites
What does it mean to say someone/something is exoticized? - ✔✔✔viewed as exotic, foreign, or
unusual in an interesting way
-women outside the racial norm have been exoticized in 2 ways: grotesquely sexual or sexually inviting
and seductively mysterious
Objectification vs Commodification - ✔✔✔Objectification: seeing or treating a person, usually a
woman, as an object
Commodification: the act of turning someone or something into or treating something or someone as an
object to be bought, sold, or traded
What is the concept of the Male Gaze? And what are the implication? - ✔✔✔Even when women are
the surveyors, this looking is done from the perspective of the ideal meal viewer, meaning that women
survey themselves to determine how men would view them
Questioning who certain things are done for, when we have these beauty norms, or sexualization, who
is the audience?
b/c of that the way in which women are portrayed is in relation to the audience
What is embodiement? - ✔✔✔The way our bodies are and interact with the world to create social
meaning
-Although the meaning of our gender and sexualities are social constructed, we do have these physical
bodies that are not abstract
intersections between social constructions and the physical like reproductive rights
,-there can be observed differences that a real but the meaning we associate with them, whether they're
good or bad, which gender they are associated with, etc
Gender-based violence vs Gendered violence - ✔✔✔Gendered violence includes homonegativity,
racism, classism
Gender-based is used to draw attention to the issue of women being disproportionality of women as
victims of violence
What are different characteristics of beauty norms? How do they vary over time and space? - ✔✔✔-
beauty standards do not change arbitrarily but instead change in relation to politcal, economic, and
social conditions
1870-1890s US: ideal was the voluptuous woman
1900s-1920s: Boyish flapper
1930s: Mature, classical beauty
40s-50s: move to glamorous fuller figures
60s-70s: return to the thin ideal
What role does "the mythical norm" play? - ✔✔✔Modern media imagery's ideal viewer generally fits
the mythical norm: white, male, young, heterosexual, christian
What is the Healthy At Every Size model? - ✔✔✔-assumes people have naturally different appetites
and their bodies naturally settle at different weights
-fatness can be, but is not always unhealthy
How do our constructions of gender prop up or support gender-violence? - ✔✔✔-gender roles
influences whether they are viewed as a sympathetic victim
-gender expectations are problematic and a source of vulnerability not only for women, but also for
men, particularly those who fail to live up to conceptions of hegemonic masculinity or fall outside the
mythical norm
, How does the gender pay gap change with age? - ✔✔✔The gender pay gap grows with age
-women are likely to interrupt careers for family responsibilities
-but when controlling for "all variables know to affect earnings" scholars have still found a pay gap
between 6.6 - 12%
What does the Patricia Hill Collins article say about intersectionality and why it is important? - ✔✔✔
What are Patricia Hill Collins's solutions? - ✔✔✔recognize difference and build more meaningful
connections
building empathy
recognizing privlege
What are identity politics? - ✔✔✔political activity or movements based on or catering to the cultural,
ethnic, gender, racial, religious, or social interests that characterize a group identity.
What is sex stratification (in employment)? - ✔✔✔women and men within the same occupational field
tend to be employed at different levels, with men overrepresented at the top tier and women often
clustered in the middle and bottom
ex. in education women are more likely to be elementary school teachers and men university professors
What is the difference between the glass ceiling and the glass escalator? - ✔✔✔The glass ceiling is an
invisible barrier preventing women from reaching the highest levels of the corporate ladder, while the
glass escalator is an invisible advantage that some white men enjoy, leading to quicker advancement up
the corporate ladder
What is occupational feminization? - ✔✔✔As more women move into an occupational field in greater
numbers, relative pay diminishes
-the same effect is demonstrated when racial and ethnic minorities move into a field
What is colorism? - ✔✔✔differential treatment based on skin tone that generally manifests itself as a
preference for lighter colored skin
-a prejudice that continues to exist not only among blacks but also among many POC and whites
What does it mean to say someone/something is exoticized? - ✔✔✔viewed as exotic, foreign, or
unusual in an interesting way
-women outside the racial norm have been exoticized in 2 ways: grotesquely sexual or sexually inviting
and seductively mysterious
Objectification vs Commodification - ✔✔✔Objectification: seeing or treating a person, usually a
woman, as an object
Commodification: the act of turning someone or something into or treating something or someone as an
object to be bought, sold, or traded
What is the concept of the Male Gaze? And what are the implication? - ✔✔✔Even when women are
the surveyors, this looking is done from the perspective of the ideal meal viewer, meaning that women
survey themselves to determine how men would view them
Questioning who certain things are done for, when we have these beauty norms, or sexualization, who
is the audience?
b/c of that the way in which women are portrayed is in relation to the audience
What is embodiement? - ✔✔✔The way our bodies are and interact with the world to create social
meaning
-Although the meaning of our gender and sexualities are social constructed, we do have these physical
bodies that are not abstract
intersections between social constructions and the physical like reproductive rights
,-there can be observed differences that a real but the meaning we associate with them, whether they're
good or bad, which gender they are associated with, etc
Gender-based violence vs Gendered violence - ✔✔✔Gendered violence includes homonegativity,
racism, classism
Gender-based is used to draw attention to the issue of women being disproportionality of women as
victims of violence
What are different characteristics of beauty norms? How do they vary over time and space? - ✔✔✔-
beauty standards do not change arbitrarily but instead change in relation to politcal, economic, and
social conditions
1870-1890s US: ideal was the voluptuous woman
1900s-1920s: Boyish flapper
1930s: Mature, classical beauty
40s-50s: move to glamorous fuller figures
60s-70s: return to the thin ideal
What role does "the mythical norm" play? - ✔✔✔Modern media imagery's ideal viewer generally fits
the mythical norm: white, male, young, heterosexual, christian
What is the Healthy At Every Size model? - ✔✔✔-assumes people have naturally different appetites
and their bodies naturally settle at different weights
-fatness can be, but is not always unhealthy
How do our constructions of gender prop up or support gender-violence? - ✔✔✔-gender roles
influences whether they are viewed as a sympathetic victim
-gender expectations are problematic and a source of vulnerability not only for women, but also for
men, particularly those who fail to live up to conceptions of hegemonic masculinity or fall outside the
mythical norm
, How does the gender pay gap change with age? - ✔✔✔The gender pay gap grows with age
-women are likely to interrupt careers for family responsibilities
-but when controlling for "all variables know to affect earnings" scholars have still found a pay gap
between 6.6 - 12%
What does the Patricia Hill Collins article say about intersectionality and why it is important? - ✔✔✔
What are Patricia Hill Collins's solutions? - ✔✔✔recognize difference and build more meaningful
connections
building empathy
recognizing privlege
What are identity politics? - ✔✔✔political activity or movements based on or catering to the cultural,
ethnic, gender, racial, religious, or social interests that characterize a group identity.
What is sex stratification (in employment)? - ✔✔✔women and men within the same occupational field
tend to be employed at different levels, with men overrepresented at the top tier and women often
clustered in the middle and bottom
ex. in education women are more likely to be elementary school teachers and men university professors
What is the difference between the glass ceiling and the glass escalator? - ✔✔✔The glass ceiling is an
invisible barrier preventing women from reaching the highest levels of the corporate ladder, while the
glass escalator is an invisible advantage that some white men enjoy, leading to quicker advancement up
the corporate ladder
What is occupational feminization? - ✔✔✔As more women move into an occupational field in greater
numbers, relative pay diminishes
-the same effect is demonstrated when racial and ethnic minorities move into a field
