Feminist Theory 6 ALREADY PASSED

first-wave feminism - The feminist movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth century focused on de jure (officially mandated) inequalities, primarily on gaining women's suffrage. second-wave feminism - The feminist movement starting in the 1960s, particularly in America, where women campaigned for social and economic rights in addition to the more basic rights they had won during first-wave. third-wave feminism - Refers to the 1990s and beyond and the individual empowerment of women, and glorification of individual achievement MacKinnon - Author who wrote "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State" Convergentist theory of feminism - Theory of state: Theories of oppression must converge because all are linked Divergentist theory of feminism - Theory which states: Theories of oppression must be diverse/autonomous to account for specificity of each form of oppression. There may be irresolvable conflicts between different identities/loyalties; any single theory will privilege some and marginalize others. Combahee River Collective - A Black feminist Lesbian organization active in Boston from 1974 to 1980. They are perhaps best known for developing the Combahee River Collective Statement, a key document in the history of contemporary Black feminism and the development of the concepts of identity as used among political organizers and social theorists. Combahee River Collective Statement - Document which focuses on the intersection of race and gender (the "double burden") to establish a woman of color feminism. Identifies traditional feminism as a potential threat to the majority of back women (black women are at the 'bottom of the system'). They also focus on identity politics- coming directly out of one's own identity to fight oppression. Identifies the psychological toll of being a black woman, and racism within the white women's movement. identity politics - the practice of organizing on the basis of sex, ethnic or racial identity, or sexual orientation to compete for public resources and influence public policy interlocking systems of oppression - Statements such as "we were told in the same breath to be quiet both for the sake of being 'ladylike' and to make us less objectionable in the eyes of white people" (Combahee RCS) demonstrate the concept of... Smart-ugly - Concept of smartness in a woman becoming unattractive in that it is refusing one's natural position of femininity femaleness = femininity = attractiveness to men = sexual attractiveness = sexual availability on male terms - MacKinnon's theory of femininity Carby - authored White Woman Listen article that we read. Black feminist of Welsh and Caribbean descent writing out of England, insisting that white women also have to understand what they contribute to the hegemonic power of whiteness. Family, Patriarchy, Reproduction - Carby's 3 "Feminist" Concepts Challenged by Attention to Race and Colonialism aligning themselves with the male colonial history of oppression - According to Carby, white women have been... consciousness raising - making people aware of values and commitments that they previously took for granted, according to MacKinnon the central method of feminism