THEMATIC ESSAY PLANS (SHORT):
TWE did the aims of the campaigners for AA CR remain the same 1865-1992
The aims of AA campaigners did not remain the same due to extenuatng factors that either limited
or advanced the progress and extent of the aims that could be atempted.
Economic Aims:
BTW (Progressive Era) focused on making AAs economically useful to whites because this is
all he could realistcally aim for considering the public opinion of the tme which was antiAA as
lynching was stll popular and only a decade earlier 162 AAs had been lynched (1894) and 3 AAs
had been lynched in Memphis Tennessee 1892 for being economically successful and in
competton with whites.o
Huey Newton (Black Panthers) Black Panthers in the late 60s aimed for a complete demise of
Capitalism (in their 10PP) bc they felt the system was intrinsically racist and would always be
used against AAs.o Promoted afrmatae acton because they wanted AAs to be able to
economically progress as AA’s were of the most impoaerished in the USA which was
acknowledged in the 1967 Kerner Commission (which LBJ ignored).o Afrmatae acton was
essentally positae discriminaton and Black Power promoton of this under the leadership of
Newton achieaed the Philadelphia Plan 1967 which established quotas in constructon for AA
employment.o
Political Aims:
MLK (1960s) had the most ambitous politcal aims for AA due to the changing tone of public
opinion which was becoming far less hostle to the noton of AA rights.o MLK campaigned for the
1964 CRA which was achieaed aia successful campaigns in Birmingham 1963 and Washington
1963 where the famous “I had a dream…” speech was held.o Birmingham was successful because
it ensured faaourable media of white police aiolence on noniaiolent AA youth (aiolence like fre
hoses and dogs).o The march on Washington was signifcant because 20i25% of the crowd were
white, which ensured faaourable media and demonstrated a change in attude that ensured the
1964 CRA would be passed which ended legal discriminaton and segregaton.o Moreoaer, MLK’s
Selma Campaign 1965 directly led to the 1965 VRA which ended politcal disenfranchisement of
AA’s.o These pieces of legislaton were the most signifcant in AfricaniAmerican history in the
period 1865i1992.o
BTW (Progressive Era) most leaders preiBrown Case 1954/5 were unable to haae ambitous
politcal goals because of the hostlity of white public opinion.o This would explain why BTW could
only focus on economic improaements because without liberal white attudes progress could
not be made.o Moreoaer, MLK was the frst campaigner with this opportunity as there were no
ciail rights acts from 1875 untl 1957, MLK began campaigning in 1955 with the Montgomery Bus
Boycot, so no leader prior to him had any real chance of achieaing politcal progress so had to
focus on other aspects like economic progress and cultural progress.o
Social/Cultural Aims:
Marcus Garvey (1920s) Wanted to reiassert black cultural identty, he was around during the
Harlem Renaissance which cultaated a moaement in which AA’s were reidiscoaering their
African heritage.o Garaey led his ‘Back to Africa’ campaign in which he belieaed that AAs should
TWE did the aims of the campaigners for AA CR remain the same 1865-1992
The aims of AA campaigners did not remain the same due to extenuatng factors that either limited
or advanced the progress and extent of the aims that could be atempted.
Economic Aims:
BTW (Progressive Era) focused on making AAs economically useful to whites because this is
all he could realistcally aim for considering the public opinion of the tme which was antiAA as
lynching was stll popular and only a decade earlier 162 AAs had been lynched (1894) and 3 AAs
had been lynched in Memphis Tennessee 1892 for being economically successful and in
competton with whites.o
Huey Newton (Black Panthers) Black Panthers in the late 60s aimed for a complete demise of
Capitalism (in their 10PP) bc they felt the system was intrinsically racist and would always be
used against AAs.o Promoted afrmatae acton because they wanted AAs to be able to
economically progress as AA’s were of the most impoaerished in the USA which was
acknowledged in the 1967 Kerner Commission (which LBJ ignored).o Afrmatae acton was
essentally positae discriminaton and Black Power promoton of this under the leadership of
Newton achieaed the Philadelphia Plan 1967 which established quotas in constructon for AA
employment.o
Political Aims:
MLK (1960s) had the most ambitous politcal aims for AA due to the changing tone of public
opinion which was becoming far less hostle to the noton of AA rights.o MLK campaigned for the
1964 CRA which was achieaed aia successful campaigns in Birmingham 1963 and Washington
1963 where the famous “I had a dream…” speech was held.o Birmingham was successful because
it ensured faaourable media of white police aiolence on noniaiolent AA youth (aiolence like fre
hoses and dogs).o The march on Washington was signifcant because 20i25% of the crowd were
white, which ensured faaourable media and demonstrated a change in attude that ensured the
1964 CRA would be passed which ended legal discriminaton and segregaton.o Moreoaer, MLK’s
Selma Campaign 1965 directly led to the 1965 VRA which ended politcal disenfranchisement of
AA’s.o These pieces of legislaton were the most signifcant in AfricaniAmerican history in the
period 1865i1992.o
BTW (Progressive Era) most leaders preiBrown Case 1954/5 were unable to haae ambitous
politcal goals because of the hostlity of white public opinion.o This would explain why BTW could
only focus on economic improaements because without liberal white attudes progress could
not be made.o Moreoaer, MLK was the frst campaigner with this opportunity as there were no
ciail rights acts from 1875 untl 1957, MLK began campaigning in 1955 with the Montgomery Bus
Boycot, so no leader prior to him had any real chance of achieaing politcal progress so had to
focus on other aspects like economic progress and cultural progress.o
Social/Cultural Aims:
Marcus Garvey (1920s) Wanted to reiassert black cultural identty, he was around during the
Harlem Renaissance which cultaated a moaement in which AA’s were reidiscoaering their
African heritage.o Garaey led his ‘Back to Africa’ campaign in which he belieaed that AAs should
