CH. 16,18,19,20 Pathophysiology WCU Exam Questions and Answers

CH. 16,18,19,20 Pathophysiology WCU Exam Questions and Answers Systolic -Answer-Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Diastolic -Answer-occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery Systolic BP -Answer-peak pressure during cardiac systole - Reflects amount of blood (Stroke Vol.) -ejected w/ each beat & compliance of the aorta and large arteries Diastolic BP -Answer-lowest pressure attained in arteries during diastole -Reflects closure of the aortic valve, energy stored in the elastic fibers of large arteries & the resistance to flow through arterioles into the capillaries Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) -Answer-determined by EDV (Preload) & systemic vascular resistance (after load) Factors that influence Mean Arterial Pressure: -Answer-1. blood volume- determined by fluid loss or intake 2. effectiveness as heart as a pump- determined by heart rate and stroke volume 3. Resistance of the system to blood flow- determined by the diameter of arterioles 4. Relative distribution of blood between artenal and venous blood vessels- determined by the diameter of veins Preload/Afterload -Answer-PRELOAD affects the amount of blood going into Right ventricle. AFTERLOAD is the systemic resistance after leaving the heart. baroreceptor reflex -Answer-The primary reflex pathway for homeostatic control of blood pressure RAA -Answer-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Control of BP by this system. Hypertension -Answer-high blood pressure primary hypertension -Answer-denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified cause; also called essential hypertension -90-95% of hypertension CAN NOT BE CURED Primary (essential) hypertension Risk factors: -Answer-UNCONTROLLABLE: family history of hypertension, race, age LIFE STYLE RISK FACTORS: High sodium intake, Excessive calorie intake, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle, Metabolic syndrome, Excessive alcohol consumption, Obstructive sleep apnea, Oral contraceptives, Smoking Manifestations of Primary (essential) Hypertension: -Answer-Usually due to long term effects- Damaged organs: HEART, increased myocardial work results in heart failure. Left Ventricular hypertrophy Angina (chest pain due to low blood flow to heart) BRAIN, increased pressure to cerebral vasculature, hemmorhage, stroke or transient ischemic attack KIDNEY, glomerular damage results in chronic kidney disease and failure PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE(PVD) Eyes, affects microcirculation of the eyes Major risk factor for atherosclerosis and all major atherosclerotic cardiovascular disorders is essential hypertension. True or False? -Answer-True primary/ essential hypertension treatment