BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide (Straighterline A & P II) Questions and Answers

BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide (Straighterline A & P II) Questions and Answers Viscosity of Blood? – ANSWER: twice as thick as water How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? - ANSWER: 20-60 seconds What is the composition of Blood - ANSWER: 55% plasma, 45% formed elements, What are the fucntions of blood? - ANSWER: -Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients -Regulats pH and osmosis process -Maintain body temperature -Protect against foreign substances -Assist in clotting What is the composition of plasma? - ANSWER: 91% water 7% proteins 2% other solutes What proteins are found in blood plasma? - ANSWER: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen What solutes are found in blood p lasma? - ANSWER: Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances What are two blood disorders - ANSWER: Anemia and sickle -cell disease What is sickle -cell disease? - ANSWER: an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abno rmal form of hemoglobin What is anemia? - ANSWER: a decrease in the oxygen -carrying ability of the blood How much blood does the heart pump per minute? - ANSWER: ~5 1/4 Quarts per minute What are action potentials? - ANSWER: Sequence of electrical changes when a nerve membrane receives a stimulus that exceeds a threshold What is depolarization? - ANSWER: Loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What is Repolarization? - ANSWER: Gain of electrical charge on the surface of a membr ane What are the functions of the heart? - ANSWER: generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one -way blood flow, regulating blood supply What are the two divisions of the heart? - ANSWER: Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit What are the com ponents of the heart? - ANSWER: Pericardium, Heart Wall, Chambers, Valves What is the pericardium? - ANSWER: Double -walled sac that surrounds the heart and reduces friction between pericardial membranes What is the heart wall? - ANSWER: Three protectiv e layers of tissue What to chambers of the heart do? - ANSWER: Receive and return blood from and to the body What is the purpose of heart valves? - ANSWER: prevent back flow of blood, ensure one -directional What are the four valves of the heart? - ANSWER: The tricuspid and pulmonary valves on the right side, and the mitral and aortic valves on the left side. Blood flow through the heart - SVC --> Rt atria --> Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve --> Lungs --> Lt atria --> Mitral valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body Arteries - ANSWER: carry blood away from the heart, muscular and elastic Veins - ANSWER: Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Capillaries - ANSWER: Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body Pulmonary hypertension - ANSWER: Narrowed arteries in lungs and heart decrease blood flow from heart and decrease oxygen from lungs to rest of body components of lymphatic system - ANSWER: lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs What is lymph? - ANSWER: watery fluid contained in lymphatic vessels that contains white blood cells and antibodies What are lymphatic vessels? - ANSWER: Thinner than veins and continuously filter cellular waste from the extracellular fluid by circulating it through lymph nodes What are the lymphatic tissue types? - ANSWER: Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Reticular Cells What are lymphocytes? - ANSWER: White blood cells found in lymph, blood, etc.m and provide immunity. They originate in bone marrow. What are the two lymphocytes? - ANSWER: B cells and T cells What are B cells? - ANSWER: Lymphocytes that produce antibodies What are T cells? - ANSWER: a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response. What are macrophages? - ANSWER: They are big eaters that engulf debris, foreign materials, bacteria, and viruses. What are dendrit ic cells? - ANSWER: Antigen presenting cells located in the, epidermis, mucus membrane and lymphatic organs What are reticular cells? - ANSWER: fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network What are the lymphatic organs? - ANSWER: red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen What are the functions of the lymphatic system? - ANSWER: fluid balance, fat absorption, defense